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*tūną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈtuː.nɑ̃/
fence
“…Borrowed from (Pre-)Proto-Celtic *dūnom (‘stronghold, rampart’) before Grimm's law changed *d to *t.…”
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*pūkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈpuː.kɔːː/
hunchback, goblin, spook
“……*spōk, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pāuǵ-, *(s)pāug- (‘brilliance; spectre’) with unusually late loss of the s-mobile (after Grimm's law), but this still suffers other phonetic problems as well as probably semantic ones. Perhaps of substrate origin,……”
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*hanapiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈxɑ.nɑ.piz/
hemp
“……Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis) for more. Although a loanword, it was borrowed early enough for the word to be affected by Grimm's law, shifting *k to *h and *b to *p.…”
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*plaggą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈplɑɡ.ɡɑ̃/
a piece of cloth or fabric
“……borrowing from an unknown pre-Germanic, but possibly Indo-European, substrate language in which the p has not yet undergone Grimm's law, and distantly related to *flahaną (‘to flay, skin’) or *flehtaną (‘to weave, plait’).…”
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*aiganą
verb · Irregular · /ˈɑi̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to possess, own, have
“……Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001. The Proto-Germanic present singular *aih- continues the accented perfect singular, with regular Grimm’s law *ḱ > *h, while the plural/infinitive stem *aig- reflects the oxytone accent of the zero-grade perfect, where Vern……”
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*harbaþaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑr.βɑ.θɑz/
a Carpathian
“……d must be old, from *karpátos. It must have been borrowed from Latin Carpatēs or a close relative prior to the occurrence of Grimm's law, and thus predates the split of the Germanic languages. Ultimately from the same source as the Latin, whether pre……”
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*bi
preposition · /ˈbi/
by, at (with accusative or dative)
“……i, since the phonology is simpler: 1. Accent moved to second syllable. *h₁épi > *h₁epí 2. Loss of laryngeal *h₁epí > *epí 3. Grimm’s Law *epí >*efí 4. Verner’s Law *efí > *ebí 5. Loss of the unaccented initial syllable *ebí > *bi. Ringe 2017 also not……”
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*fulką
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸul.kɑ̃/
troop, army
“……tandard phonemes in the languages thanks to loanwords. Some also speculate the possibility of the word being borrowed before Grimm's law even started. Orel's connection with Welsh ôl (‘track, trace’) is unlikely, considering the latter's likely origi……”
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*anhulō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ̃ː.xu.lɔː/
a strap, band, or thong, especially one forming a loop or fastening
“……preserves an inherited accentual contrast: root accent in *h₂ánkulah₂ prevented Verner voicing of the fricative produced by Grimm’s Law (*k > *h), whereas suffixal accent in *h₂ankulós yielded *g in *angulaz Ringe 2017. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀγ……”
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*habukaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑ.βu.kɑz/
hawk
“……origin. If the Slavic cognate is a native formation, the Germanic may have been borrowed from it at an early stage prior to Grimm's law.…”
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*ampraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑm.prɑz/
sharp or acrid in taste; sour, bitter
“……₂eh₃-. The Proto-Germanic -p- is secondary: pre-Germanic -mr- developed an epenthetic homorganic stop, *-mr- > -mbr-, before Grimm’s Law, yielding *ampra-. Although such nasal-stop epenthesis is phonetically well motivated, clear Germanic parallels f……”
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*andi
conjunction · /ˈɑn.di/
in addition, also; later, especially in West Germanic, ‘and’
“……ar of the root noun *h₂énts. Ringe Ringe 2017 reconstructs an accent shift *h₂ánti → *h₂antí in the prehistory of Germanic; Grimm’s Law then gave *t > *þ, and the post-root accent triggered Verner’s Law *þ > *d, yielding pre-Germanic *andí > Proto-G……”
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*hlaibaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxlɑi̯.βɑz/
bread
“……borrowed from the same source. If so, it would be an early borrowing, since the word then apparently displays the effects of Grimm's Law. Compare Latvian klàips (‘loaf’), Lithuanian kliẽpas (‘loaf’). Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- is suggested as their o……”
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*fiþulǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɸi.θu.lɔ̃ː/
fiddle
“……ve suffix (thus, ‘the little buzzing thing’). The internal *-þ-establishes that this word existed prior to the completion of Grimm’s Law. The traditional derivation from Medieval Latin vitula (‘a young cow, a female calf, a heifer’) is chronologicall……”
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*-uh
particle · /ux/
enclitic connective meaning ‘and, and also, too’; chiefly the postconsonantal allomorph of *-hw
“……ermanic *-hw, from Proto-Indo-European enclitic *-kʷe , cognate with Latin -que, Ancient Greek τε, and Vedic Sanskrit च. Per Grimm’s Law, PIE *-kʷebecame pre-Germanic *-hʷe; apocope of final *-e then produced *-hʷ. According to Mottausch Mottausch 20……”
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*ēbanþs
noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɛː.βɑnθs/
evening
“……ined from the zero-grade *h₁h̥₁pt-n̥t-ós, with vocalization of the syllabic laryngeal to *a and development of *pt to *ft by Grimm’s Law; the resulting *aft-/apt- stem was generalized in North Proto-Germanic. This explanation is attractive because it……”