-
*snīþaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈsniː.θɑ.nɑ̃/
to cut
“……log, branch’) (< *snoit-o-s) (whence Czech snět (‘log, block of wood’)), as well as Old Irish snéid (‘small, short’), Proto-Celtic *snadeti (‘to hew, carve’). However, Kroonen and Orel express doubt regarding this theory, particularly as the Celtic……”
-
*managaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈmɑ.nɑ.ɣɑz/
many
“…Likely from a substrate language of northwestern Europe. Proto-Celtic *menekkis (‘frequent’), Proto-Slavic *mъnogъ (‘many’), Proto-Finno-Permic *mone (‘many, some’) are probably from the s……”
-
*berhtaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈberx.tɑz/
bright, shining
“……pean *bʰer (H)ǵ-tó-s, from root *bʰerHǵ- (‘to shine’) + *-tós(creates verbal adjectives from verb roots). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *berxtos, Proto-Albanian *bardza (‘white’).…”
-
*etaną
verb · Strong class 5 · /ˈe.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to eat
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₁édti ~*h₁dénti, from *h₁ed- (‘to eat’). Cognates include Proto-Celtic *essi, Proto-Hellenic *édō, Sanskrit अत्ति (átti), and Proto-Italic *edō, all meaning ‘to eat’.…”
-
*haiþī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈxɑi̯.θiː/
heath, wasteland
“……-European *kay-t-os (‘forest, wasteland, pasture’), from *kayt- (‘forest, pasture’), with the most certain cognates being in Celtic languages (with Kroonen speculating a borrowing from one branch into the other). Cognate with Proto-Brythonic *koɨd (‘……”
-
*klintaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈklin.tɑz/
hill
“…Uncertain; hypothetically from Proto-Indo-European *glendos (‘shore’), but the only cognate is Proto-Celtic *glendos (‘valley’) (along with its descendants). They are alternatively suggested to be of shared substrate origin.…”
-
*markō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈmɑr.kɔː/
border, boundary
“……ibly from *merǵ- (‘to divide’). Cognate with Persian مَرْز (marz, ‘boundary, frontier’), Latin margō (‘border, edge’), Proto-Celtic *mrogis (‘region, country’).…”
-
*aiþaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.θɑz/
oath
“…From earlier Celto-Germanic *oito-s (‘oath’), also reflected by Proto-Celtic *oito-s, whence Old Irish óeth and Old Welsh an-udon Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2009a van Sluis et al. 2023. The formatio……”
-
*fulmō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɸul.mɔː/
palm (of the hand)
“……uropean *pl̥h₂meh₂ (‘palm of the hand’), from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (‘flat’). Cognate with Latin palma (‘palm’), Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā (‘hand’), Ancient Greek παλάμη (palámē, ‘palm of the hand’).…”
-
*mankô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈmɑŋ.kɔːː/
mane, upper part of the neck
“……ts; compare Proto-Germanic *kelkô (‘jaw-bone’), *leuskô (‘groin’) for formations with similar morphology. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *mongā (‘mane’).…”
-
*bikjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈbik.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to attack, stab, hack, thrust
“……m Proto-Indo-European *bʰog-yé/ó- ~ *bʰg-y-énti, a -yé/o- present of root *bʰeg- (‘to smash, break’). Cognates include Proto-Celtic *begeti (‘to break’), Old Armenian բեկանեմ (bekanem, ‘to break’).…”
-
*drugą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈdru.ɣɑ̃/
deception, delusion
“……dʰrewgʰ- (‘to deceive’). Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰrúkš (‘lie, falsehood, deceit; injury, harm’), and perhaps Proto-Celtic *drukos (‘bad’).…”
-
*laiþaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈlɑi̯.θɑz/
loath; loathsome; disgusting
“……roto-Indo-European *h₂leytos (‘abhorrence, loath’), from *h₂leyt- (‘to do something hateful, abhorrent’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *lissus (‘abhorrence’) (compare Old Irish lius, liuss (‘loathing, disgust’)), Ancient Greek ἀλιτρός (alitrós, ‘sinful,……”
-
*dusnaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈdus.nɑz/
brownish, brown
“……e form of root *dʰwes- (‘to smoke, fume’), related to Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (‘smoke, mist, haze’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *dusnos (‘dark, brown’).…”
-
*hailaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈxɑi̯.lɑz/
omen, portent
“……(‘omen, augury’) (whence Welsh coel (‘belief, trust’)), Latin caelum (‘sky’), though Kroonen rejects relations to the Italo-Celtic forms.…”
-
*finþaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈɸin.θɑ.nɑ̃/
to find, to discover, to come upon
“……ognates are Old Armenian հուն (hun, ‘ford, shallow; passage, way’), Bulgarian път (pǎt, ‘path, road, way, alley’), and Proto-Celtic *ɸontā (‘path, way’).…”
-
*hlahjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈxlɑx.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to laugh (+ genitive of thing laughed at)
“……and Slavic languages. Cognate with Russian клекота́ть (klekotátʹ, ‘to scream (of birds of prey)’). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *klokkos (‘bell’).…”
-
*mikilaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈmi.ki.lɑz/
great, large
“……az. The suffix may have been added due to analogy with *lītilaz/*lūtilaz (‘little’), but it also might be old: compare Proto-Celtic *maglos and Ancient Greek μεγᾰ́λος (megắlos).…”
-
*þunraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈθun.rɑz/
thunder
“…From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (‘to thunder’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *toranos (‘thunder’), Latin tonō (‘to thunder’), Persian تندر (tondar, ‘thunder’), Sanskrit स्तनति (stánati, ‘to resou……”
-
*sundraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsun.drɑz/
separate, isolated, alone
“……on to *sem- (‘one’) exists is unclear. Cognate with Sanskrit सनितुर् (sanitúr), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬭𐬆 (hanar^ə), and possibly Proto-Celtic *santeros (‘half’).…”
-
*þinhaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈθĩː.xɑ.nɑ̃/
to thrive
“……ati̇̀kti (‘to appeal, like’), Latvian tikt (‘to arrive at’), Ukrainian такнути (taknuty, ‘to be helpful’), and perhaps Proto-Celtic *tonketos (‘destiny’).…”
-
*brusts
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈbrusts/
breast, chest
“……extension of the zero-grade root of *bʰrews- (‘breast; to swell’). Related to *breustą (‘breast, chest’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *brusū (‘belly, abdomen; breast’) and Proto-Slavic *břȗxo (‘belly’).…”
-
*paþaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈpɑ.θɑz/
path
“……‘way, path’). However, the above theory has been disputed, with alternative theories taking the word as borrowed from Proto-Celtic *batos (‘death, pestilence’) (whence Old Irish bath (‘death’), Welsh bad (‘pest, plague’)), itself from Proto-Indo-Eur……”
-
*Masō
proper noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈmɑ.sɔː/
the river Meuse
“…From a Celtic language, presumably Proto-Celtic *Mosā. Despite the obvious similarities, the name is not derived from Latin Mosa. It……”
-
*klanhs
noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈklɑ̃ːxs/
cleft; sluice; abyss
“…Unknown. Kroonen links *kling(w)aną (‘to shrink’). Compare also Proto-Celtic *glendos (‘valley, glen’) and Proto-Germanic *klintaz (‘hill, cliff’), of possible substrate origin. In view of *klint……”