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*uhnaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈux.nɑz/
oven; furnace
“……sel for cooking; cookpot; oven’) or similar by equation with Sanskrit उखा (ukhā), Albanian anë, Ancient Greek ἰπνός (ipnós), Latin ōlla. It is unclear whether the byform *ufnaz (Proto-West Germanic *ofn) is the same word, or represents a different wo……”
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*atiską
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑ.tis.kɑ̃/
grainfield; field of standing grain; standing crop
“……ough ellipsis, perhaps originally *atiskaz akraz (‘grain field’) Kroonen 2013 Kroonen et al. 2022. Compare Old Armenian հատ, Latin ador, adōris de Vaan 2008 and Old Irish ad, which may reflect various formations in *h₂ed-, *h₂ed-o- or *h₂ed-os-/‑ōs-/……”
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*ansijō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑn.si.jɔː/
handle or loop, especially of a cup, bowl, or other vessel
“……s, hooks, and reins, though the cognates continue several related stem formations rather than a single *h₂ens-ieh₂ paradigm: Latin ānsa reflects *h₂ens-h₂, Lithuanian ąsà is a closely related ā-stem, while Old Prussian ansis and Latvian ùoss continue……”
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*-uh
particle · /ux/
enclitic connective meaning ‘and, and also, too’; chiefly the postconsonantal allomorph of *-hw
“…Postconsonantal allomorph of Proto-Germanic *-hw, from Proto-Indo-European enclitic *-kʷe , cognate with Latin -que, Ancient Greek τε, and Vedic Sanskrit च. Per Grimm’s Law, PIE *-kʷebecame pre-Germanic *-hʷe; apocope of final *-e……”
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*-ulaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ˈu.lɑz/
forms adjectives, chiefly from verbs and more rarely from nouns, meaning ‘given to X-ing, prone to X, inclined to X,…
“……ammatical alternation point to earlier suffix accent, i.e. pre-Germanic *-aló-/ *-uló- Kluge 1899 Krahe & Meid 1969. Compare Latin tremulus, Ancient Greek φειδωλός, and Sanskrit ग्रहिल, all showing comparable l-suffixal adjectives of disposition or c……”
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*-inī
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /i.niː/
forms nouns denoting a female individual, especially the female counterpart of a masculine or common-gender noun;…
“……were both built from the word for ‘king’ with similar -n- + a feminine suffix Krahe & Meid 1969 Matasović 2009a McCone 1998. Latin is a close Italic comparandum, but the exact history of the suffix is uncertain; see for instance Sihler Sihler 1995.…”
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*angijō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡi.jɔː/
a low-lying meadow, especially in a valley or beside a river
“……r hollow ground’ → ‘valley, lowland’ → ‘meadow’ is strengthened by closely related Proto-Germanic *angraz¹ < *h₂enk-ró-s and Latin ancrae Kroonen 2013. Still, the deeper connection is not beyond doubt: Kluge Kluge 1899 regards the further origin of t……”
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*andi
conjunction · /ˈɑn.di/
in addition, also; later, especially in West Germanic, ‘and’
“……₂énts itself. Cognates of the inherited spatial formation include Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝, Ancient Greek ἀντί, Vedic Sanskrit अन्ति, and Latin ante; Old Armenian ընդ is probably related, though its precise derivation is less secure de Vaan 2008 Dunkel 2014 Kloek……”
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*-u
particle · /u/
enclitic question particle marking a polar or alternative/binary question
“……ly less economical. Dunkel Dunkel 2014 reconstructs *-we as a separate enclitic disjunctive particle with reflexes such as Latin -ve, Vedic वा (vā), Gaulish -ue, and Ancient Greek ἤ (ḗ), all meaning ‘or’, and Tocharian B wa; deriving Proto-Germanic *……”
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*andō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑn.dɔː/
vestibule, entrance hall; hallway
“……. The base *h₂enHt- may contain a t-stem element rather than represent a primary root Jakob 2024. Cognate with Sanskrit आता, Latin antae, and Old Armenian դրանդի Kroonen 2013 Martirosyan 2010. Kroonen reconstructs a Verner alternation *anþō- ~ *andō-……”
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*ausô
noun · neuter · an-stem · /ˈɑu̯.sɔːː/
ear
“……ant in the subsequent remodeling of the word in some branches Cerri 2024 Hock et al. 2020. Cognate with Ancient Greek οὖς, Latin auris, Old Armenian ունկն, Lithuanian ausi̇̀s, Old Prussian ausins, and Proto-Celtic awsos- Mallory & Adams 1997. No secu……”
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*anǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑ.nɔ̃ː/
(female) ancestor, foremother; especially a grandmother
“……rited feminine *eh₂-stems with *ōn-stems Kroonen 2011a. Cognates include Ancient Greek ἀννίς, Armenian հան, Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒈾, and Latin anus; Lycian xñnahe/i- continues the same kinship stem, while Lithuanian anýta is a derivative of it Blažek 2026 Olsen……”
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*ajją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑj.jɑ̃/
egg
“……2013 Zair 2011. Cognate with Albanian ve, vo, Classical Armenian ձու, Ancient Greek ᾠόν, Welsh wy, Younger Avestan 𐬀𐬇𐬨, and Latin ōvum Zair 2011.…”
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*klumpô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈklum.pɔːː/
clasp; clamp
“……nded from *gel- (‘to form into a ball; ball’). Most cognates however are uncertain and affected by sound-symbolism; see e.g. Latin glaeba, globus, glomus and Proto-West Germanic *klott (‘clod’). On the other hand, Derksen considers the root in German……”
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*ananą
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɑ.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to breathe
“……lopment ‘breathe, exhale’ > ‘rest, pause’ > ‘remain’ Matasović 2009a Rix et al. 2001. Compare also Ancient Greek ἄνεμος, and Latin animus, derivatives of the same PIE root Rix et al. 2001.…”
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*-ōną
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 2 · /ɔː.nɑ̃/
infinitive form of the weak class 2 verbal suffix; forms chiefly denominative verbs, with meanings such as ‘be X’, ‘act…
“……z, but the inherited source of Weak class 2 as a whole is denominative Ringe 2017. Relevant Indo-European comparanda include Latin -āre, especially much of the first conjugation, from Proto-Italic *-ā-ye/o- Weiss 2009; Ancient Greek -άω, especially i……”
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*aluþ
noun · neuter · consonant stem · /ɑ.ˈluθ/
beer, ale
“……n but as an inherited cognate by Bjorvand Bjorvand 2007 Kroonen 2013. Alternatively, the European beer words may belong with Latin alūmen through *alu- ‘bitter substance’, perhaps ultimately from a European substrate de Vaan 2008.…”
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*Auzandilaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑu̯.zɑn.di.lɑz/
the morning star
“……dtko et al. 2008. Related to the Indo-European dawn word reflected in Sanskrit उषस्, Ancient Greek ἠώς, Aeolic Greek αὔως, Latin aurora, and Lithuanian aušrà. The Gothic reading auzandil (restored as nominative singular auzandils), translates Greek ἑ……”
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*-ô
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · an-stem · /ɔːː/
like English “-er”; forms masculine agent and personal nouns, often from the zero-grade of the base, with the sense…
“……radigm Kroonen 2011a. The PGmc n-stem is cognate with other IE individualizing n-stems, including Ancient Greek -ων ~ ωνος, Latin -ō ~ -ōnis, and Sanskrit -अन्with nom. sg. -आ (-ā), gen. sg. -नः (-naḥ).…”
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*-(i)janą
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 3 · /i.jɑ.nɑ̃/
forms Weak class 3 stative and durative verbs, often with the sense ‘be X, have the quality of X, re-main in the state…
“……In PIE, this suffix formed stative presents and appears to have been accented, non-ablauting, and athematic, as reflected by Latin second-conjugation statives such as rubēre < *h₁rudh-éh₁- and tacēre < post-PIE *tak-éh₁- Ringe 2017. In Proto-Germanic……”
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*-þaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /θɑz/
forms thematic adjectives from verbal roots, usually with resultative, stative, passive, or lexicalized meanings:…
“……porated into verbal paradigms as a past/passive participle. Cognate formations include Sanskrit श्रुत, Ancient Greek κλυτός, Latin -tus as in status , and Proto-Slavic *-tъ Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. The specific form *-þaz presupposes that the accent sto……”
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*-anaz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · a-stem · /ɑ.nɑz/
forms the past participle of strong verbs
“……Late PIE/Early PGmc *-on-o-s > PGmc *-anaz. There are comparable Indo-European structures, such as Ancient Greek υἱωνός and Latin dominus; however, there is still some debate about the histories of suffix in these words.…”
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*Wōdanaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈwɔː.ðɑ.nɑz/
Woden or Odin, the Germanic supreme god. Identified in later times with the Roman god Mercury.
“……uropean *weh₂t- (‘to be excited’). Compare Old Norse óðr (‘rage’), Dutch woede (‘rage’) and woeden (‘to rage’), Irish fáidh, Latin vātēs. English Wednes (in Wednes-day) is not an exact cognate but rather continues Proto-Germanic *Wōdinaz, pre-Germani……”
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*-āną
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 3 · /ɑː.nɑ̃/
forms chiefly stative or fientive verbs meaning ‘to be’ or ‘to become’ what is denoted by an adjective or noun
“……, they did not necessarily all come from the same Proto-Indo-European source. Examples of similar stative formations include Latin rubēre and Old Church Slavonic ръдѣти. Similarly, Ancient Greek factitives in -όω (-óō) may represent a related Indo-E……”