-
*awô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.wɔːː/
grandfather
“……o-European rather than a Germanic innovation: compare Latin avunculus de Vaan 2008, derived from *awon- Lühr 2017, and Proto-Celtic *awon-tīr ~ *awon-tro- Matasović 2009a. Cognate at the underlying stem level with Latin avus and Hittite 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 Mallory……”
-
*arô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.rɔːː/
eagle
“……elated to suffixed Balto-Slavic formations such as Lithuanian erẽlis and Proto-Slavic *orьlъ Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2024. Proto-Celtic *eriro-, whence Welsh eryr, is traditionally compared but phonologically problematic; Old Armenian որի is debated Mart……”
-
*hradaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈxrɑ.ðɑz/
quick, hasty
“……ropean *kerd- (compare Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, ‘I swing, brandish’), Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, ‘(s/he) leaps’), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (‘puts, lays; moves’)), but the root codas (PGmc *d ~ *þ versus PIE *d) do not match. Compare Proto-Germanic……”
-
*herzô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈxer.zɔːː/
pivot
“……d- (‘to move, sway, swing, jump’); in this case, cognate with Old High German scerdo (‘hinge’), Latin cardō (‘hinge’), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (‘to put, move’), Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, ‘to swing, shake’), and perhaps Sanskrit कूर्द् (kūrd, ‘to le……”
-
*badją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈbɑð.jɑ̃/
bed, sleeping place
“……to-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂-, alternatively reconstructed *bʰedʰ- Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013. Compare Latin fodiō and Proto-Celtic *bedo-, continued by Middle Welsh bedd Matasović 2009a Medrano Duque 2025. The proposed development is ‘that which is……”
-
*ardugaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.ðu.ɣɑz/
steep; sharply rising or sloping
“……gement as marking a state or result produced by a preceding action. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀρθός, Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व, Proto-Celtic ardwos, and Latin arduus Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Matasović 2009a. Garnier Garnier 2014a instead regards the *-gaz ext……”
-
*anadô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.nɑ.ðɔːː/
breath
“……exact extra-Germanic counterpart confirms the exact enlarged stem. Root cognates include Latin anima< *h₂enh₁-mo and Proto-Celtic *anatlā < *h₂enh₁-tl-eh₂ de Vaan 2008 Matasović 2009a.…”
-
*atgaizaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑt.ɣɑi̯.zɑz/
spear, especially a heavy or thrusting spear
“……continues late Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰois-ó-, probably from root *ǵʰeis-; compare Sanskrit हेषस्. Recent work regards Proto-Celtic *gaiso- as probably borrowed from Germanic rather than an inherited cognate van Sluis et al. 2023.…”
-
*brestaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈbres.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to burst, break, sunder, split, crack
“……notes reflexes without the -t- and with -k-). Possibly related to PIE root *bʰrews- (‘break’). Possible cognates are Proto-Celtic *brestā (‘fight, combat’) Matasović 2009a and its many reflexes and Lithuanian braškėti (‘to crack, clatter, make a br……”
-
*-þiz
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · i-stem · /θiz/
forms feminine i-stem abstract/action nouns from verbal roots, usually denoting the action, event, result, state, or…
“……which case the t- became a d- Lehmann 1986a. Cognates include Sanskrit -ति, Ancient Greek -τις, Lithuanian -ti, -tis, Proto-Celtic *-tis, and Proto-Slavic *-tь, all forming nouns of various types.…”
-
*aiþastabaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.θɑ.ˌstɑ.βɑz/
an oath formula; the prescribed wording of an oath
“……derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óy-to-s, from root *h₁ey-, though both the PIE derivation and the possibility of early Celtic borrowing remain uncertain. Cognate with Old Irish óeth and perhaps Ancient Greek οἶτος and Old Phrygian *oito- Mallor……”
-
*angô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡɔːː/
smell, scent, odor
“……rosyan 2010 Meyer 2023 Olsen 1999 Orel 2003. The root *h₂enh₁- itself is securely established (compare Sanskrit अनिति, Proto-Celtic *anatlā, and Proto-Germanic *ananą), but these forms support only the root, not the proposed *-ǵʰ- extension Matasović……”
-
*anguz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡuz/
narrow, tight
“……m into the masculine Ringe 2017. Direct or closely corresponding Indo-European formations include Vedic Sanskrit अंहु, Proto-Celtic angus, reflected in Old Irish ing, iung, and Proto-Slavic ǫzъkъ; Latin angustus is instead a related derivative in *-o……”
-
*allaz
determiner · a-stem · /ˈɑl.lɑz/
all; every member or part of a given set
“……ather than -ll-, though Savić Savić 2019 disputes this. Related formations with o-grade and a different suffix include Proto-Celtic *olyos < PIE *h₂ol-yo-s (Matasović’s *h₃ol-yo- is apparently an error for *h₂ol-yo-), continued by Old Irish uile, Mid……”
-
*ausô
noun · neuter · an-stem · /ˈɑu̯.sɔːː/
ear
“……2020. Cognate with Ancient Greek οὖς, Latin auris, Old Armenian ունկն, Lithuanian ausi̇̀s, Old Prussian ausins, and Proto-Celtic awsos- Mallory & Adams 1997. No secure underlying verbal root can be identified; the older derivation from root *h₂ew- i……”
-
*brugjǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈbruɣ.jɔ̃ː/
bridge
“……*bʰreh₁w-eh₂ from root *bʰrewh₁- (‘wooden flooring, decking, bridge’), comparing Gaulish brio, -brīua (‘bridge’, from Proto-Celtic *brīwā). However, this direct form lacks the necessary environment for velarization of *-w-to a *-g-, which Seebold ma……”
-
*ananą
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɑ.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to breathe
“……ment *-nH- > *-nn-: inherited *-nh₁- instead gives simple *-n- here Scheungraber 2010. Cognate with Sanskrit अनिति and Proto-Celtic *ana-, the latter probably showing the semantic development ‘breathe, exhale’ > ‘rest, pause’ > ‘remain’ Matasović 200……”
-
*-ōną
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 2 · /ɔː.nɑ̃/
infinitive form of the weak class 2 verbal suffix; forms chiefly denominative verbs, with meanings such as ‘be X’, ‘act…
“……oto-Italic *-ā-ye/o- Weiss 2009; Ancient Greek -άω, especially in denominal and factitive ā-contract verbs Weiss 2009; Proto-Celtic ā-presents, with 3rd sg. *-āti < PIE *-eh₂-yé-ti in the denominal type Le Mair 2011; and Proto-Slavic *-ati Villanueva……”
-
*bringaną
verb · /ˈbriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/
to bring
“…Primary mixed verb. Boutkan 2005 believes this is form a Proto-Germanic-Celtic substrate. De (Vries 2005) considers it a gʰ-enlargement with nasal infix of *bʰer- (*bʰ(e)regʰ- > *bʰrengʰ-; compare……”
-
*ahwō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.xʷɔː/
stream, river, running water
“……NICO, and AQVITIBVS). She notes that PIE *kʷ and *kw did not merge in Lusitanian: PIE *kʷ became Lusitanian *p (similar to P-Celtic and some Italic dialects) but PIE *kw remained as Lusitanian *kw (or possibly *gw) (see also Witczak 2005). As a resul……”