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*panningaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈpɑn.niŋ.ɡɑz/
a coin, penny
“…Of unclear origin. Many regard the forms without the medial *-t- or *-d- as the older ones because the Slavic and Lithuanian loans (Proto-Slavic *pěnędzь) do not show the reflex of a medial obstruent, which makes it difficult to connect wi……”
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*auraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑu̯.rɑz/
wet earth or clay, mud; sand, sediment
“……decisive, since वार् may instead continue earlier *wéd-r within the heteroclitic *wéd-r ~ *ud-én- paradigm Kloekhorst 2013. Lithuanian jáura and jū́ra may also belong here Jakob 2024; Petit Petit 2010a derives jū́ra from *ūr- < PIE *h₁uH-r-, with se……”
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*swammaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈswɑm.mɑz/
sponge
“……e; tonsil’), Old Armenian սունկն (sunkn, ‘tree fungus’) and perhaps Proto-Balto-Slavic *gúmˀbas (‘bulged, bloated’) (whence Lithuanian gum̃bas (‘bulge’) and Proto-Slavic *gǫba (‘fungus, mushroom; sponge; lip’)), which cannot be reconciled in terms of……”
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*ansijō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑn.si.jɔː/
handle or loop, especially of a cup, bowl, or other vessel
“……cognates continue several related stem formations rather than a single *h₂ens-ieh₂ paradigm: Latin ānsa reflects *h₂ens-h₂, Lithuanian ąsà is a closely related ā-stem, while Old Prussian ansis and Latvian ùoss continue an i-stem *h₂ens-i- de Vaan 20……”
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*allaz
determiner · a-stem · /ˈɑl.lɑz/
all; every member or part of a given set
“……tasović’s *h₃ol-yo- is apparently an error for *h₂ol-yo-), continued by Old Irish uile, Middle Welsh oll, and Gaulish ollon; Lithuanian aliái may also belong here Matasović 2009a Watkins 2011.…”
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*aspō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑs.pɔː/
aspen; Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula)
“……rmanic *-sp- apparently reflects metathesis of *-ps-, perhaps encouraged by *askaz. Compare Latvian apse, Old Prussian abse, Lithuanian ãpušė and ẽpušė, and Proto-Slavic *opsā and *ōpsīkā, all denoting the aspen. Finnish haapa and comparable Turkic f……”
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*skipą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈski.pɑ̃/
ship
“……One theory derives it from Proto-Indo-European *skēi-b-, *ski-b-, which would be an extension of *skey- (‘to cut’). Compare Lithuanian skiẽbti (‘to rip up’), Latvian škibît (‘to cut, lop’). A relation to Proto-Germanic *skapjaną (‘to create, shape’)……”
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*ansaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑn.sɑz/
beam; a heavy supporting timber or pole
“……nh₃- root analysis on which this comparison was based. The formally tempting comparison with Latin ānsa, Ancient Greek ἡνία, Lithuanian ąsà, and Old Prussian ansis is better kept with *ansijō; this group is commonly traced to Proto-Indo-European *h₂e……”
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*-u
particle · /u/
enclitic question particle marking a polar or alternative/binary question
“……entially alternative proposition, and then as a general polar-question marker. Dunkel explicitly compares Lühr’s Lühr 1995 Lithuanian development, where inherited conjunctions meaning ‘or’ and ‘and’ were reanalyzed as question particles. An alternati……”
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*ausô
noun · neuter · an-stem · /ˈɑu̯.sɔːː/
ear
“……of the word in some branches Cerri 2024 Hock et al. 2020. Cognate with Ancient Greek οὖς, Latin auris, Old Armenian ունկն, Lithuanian ausi̇̀s, Old Prussian ausins, and Proto-Celtic awsos- Mallory & Adams 1997. No secure underlying verbal root can be……”
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*anǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑ.nɔ̃ː/
(female) ancestor, foremother; especially a grandmother
“……lude Ancient Greek ἀννίς, Armenian հան, Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒈾, and Latin anus; Lycian xñnahe/i- continues the same kinship stem, while Lithuanian anýta is a derivative of it Blažek 2026 Olsen 2020 Serangeli 2020. Old Prussian ane is traditionally included as……”
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*aluþ
noun · neuter · consonant stem · /ɑ.ˈluθ/
beer, ale
“……gh German elo, hence originally ‘golden/pale beverage’. Possible inherited cognates include Old Armenian աւղի Olsen 1999 and Lithuanian alùs. Derksen Derksen 2015 notes that the Baltic and Slavic forms may be borrowings from Germanic, but Jakob Jakob……”
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*Auzandilaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑu̯.zɑn.di.lɑz/
the morning star
“……Related to the Indo-European dawn word reflected in Sanskrit उषस्, Ancient Greek ἠώς, Aeolic Greek αὔως, Latin aurora, and Lithuanian aušrà. The Gothic reading auzandil (restored as nominative singular auzandils), translates Greek ἑωσφόρος in Isaiah……”
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*anadz
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈɑ.nɑdz/
duck
“……. The Indo-European cognates are exceptionally widespread and include Sanskrit आति, Latin anas ~ anatis, Old Prussian antis, Lithuanian ántis, and Proto-Slavic *ǫty de Vaan 2008 Derksen 2008 Derksen 2015 Mayrhofer 1992. Ancient Greek νῆσσα, νῆττα, an……”
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*algiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑl.ɣiz/
elk
“……k ἄλκη was probably subsequently borrowed from Latin Rübekeil 2025 Vijūnas 2005. The wider Indo-European comparison includes Lithuanian elnias, Russian оле́нь, Russian лось, Old Armenian եղն, Vedic Sanskrit ऋश्य, and Ancient Greek ἔλαφος, all from th……”