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*abraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑβ.rɑz/
strong, severe, exceeding, immense, great, huge, terrible
“……European heteroclitic *h₃óp-r̥ ~ *h₃ép-n- Johnsen 2005b Rieken 1999. Indo-European comparanda include Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Kloekhorst 2008 Watkins 2011.…”
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*afteraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑɸ.te.rɑz/
back, posterior; situated behind or in the rear
“……ffix *-tero- Dunkel 2014:79 Kroonen 2013:3. For the base, compare Ancient Greek ἀπό, Sanskrit अप, Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀, Latin ab, and Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺, while the *-tero-derivative is paralleled by Sanskrit अपतरम् and Ancient Greek ἀπωτέρω Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013.…”
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*anô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.nɔːː/
(male) ancestor; forefather
“……ropean ‘grandmother’ set. Serangeli Serangeli 2020 reconstructs the inherited formation as *h₂énH-o-, taking the geminate of Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒈾 as evidence for *-nH-, whereas Olsen Olsen 2020 prefers the less committal stem *h₂an(h)- and notes that the gemi……”
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*albiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑl.βiz/
elf; a supernatural being of Germanic religion and mythology
“……l laryngeal is uncertain: *h₂elbʰós has traditionally been reconstructed, while *h₄elbʰós was proposed partly to accommodate Hittite𒀠𒉺𒀸; alternatively, the Hittite word may reflect o-grade *h₂olbʰ-ó-s, so the Hittite evidence does not require *h₄ de……”
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*asjǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑs.jɔ̃ː/
forge, smithing furnace; hearth
“……in the section heading and opening sentence is apparently a transposition error for h₂eh₁s-). Cognate at the root level with Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒀸, Sanskrit आस, Latin āreō, and the related *-eh₂ formations Hittite 𒄩𒀸𒊭 and Latin āra de Vaan 2008 Kloekhorst 2008……”
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*feþrō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɸeθ.rɔː/
feather
“……e nominative stem of the heteroclitic noun *péth2-r̥ ~ *pth2-én-s, from root *peth2- (‘to spread out; to fly’). Cognates are Hittite 𒁁𒋻 (pát-tar /pattar/, ‘wing, feather’), Old Armenian փետուր (pʻetur, ‘feather’), Latin penna (‘wing; feather; quill……”
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*suppōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈsup.pɔː.nɑ̃/
to soak
“……aną (‘to guzzle, soak’) was likely back-formed from the iterative. Related to Sanskrit सूप (sūpa, ‘soup, broth’), as well as Hittite [script needed] (šuḫḫai, ‘to pour’).…”
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*sanþaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsɑn.θɑz/
true, truthful, correct
“……t participle of *h₁es- (‘to be’) (from which the present forms of *wesaną). Particularly close cognates semantically include Hittite [script needed] (ašant-, ‘true, real’), Sanskrit सन्त् (sánt, ‘being, real, good’), Latin sōns (‘guilty’). Compare al……”
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*arjaną
verb · Strong class 7 j-present · /ˈɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to plow; to till (the soil)
“……ient Greek ἀρόω, and Latin arō. Kloekhorst Kloekhorst 2008 proposes that PIE *h₂erh₃- originally meant ‘crush’, reflected in Hittite ḫarra-/ḫarr-, with ‘plow’ developing only after the Anatolian branch had split off. Schürr Schürr 2023 objects that ḫ……”
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*fiþriją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɸi.θri.jɑ̃/
feathers (collectively); plumage
“……nion; quill pen’), Cornish edhen (‘bird’), перо́ (peró, ‘pen; feather’), Ancient Greek πτερόν (pterón, ‘feather, wing’), and Hittite 𒁁𒋻 (pát-tar /pattar/, ‘wing, feather’). Related to *feþrō (‘feather’).…”
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*fetą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸe.tɑ̃/
step; stride; pace; gait
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ped-ó-m (‘step’), from root *ped- (‘to walk, to step; to stumble, to fall’). Cognates are Hittite 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 (pe-e-da-an /pēdan/, ‘place; floor, ground’), Old Armenian հետ (het, ‘foot; footstep, footprint, track; trace,……”
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*leusaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈleu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃/
to lose, to cease to have
“…From Proto-Indo-European *lewHs-, from *lewh₁- (‘to cut, sever, separate, loosen, lose’). Outside of Germanic, related to Hittite [script needed] (lūri-, ‘loss of honor, disgrace’), Tocharian A lāwā- (‘to send’), Sanskrit लून (lūna, ‘to sever, cut……”
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*askǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑs.kɔ̃ː/
ash, ashes
“…Usually connected with Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-, but the exact formation is uncertain. Cognate with Sanskrit आस and Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒀸; compare also Old Armenian աճիւն, probably an enlarged formation in -g- Kloekhorst 2008 Martirosyan 2010 Yates 20……”
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*hungruz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈxuŋ.ɡruz/
hunger
“……ñkti (‘to ache’), Ancient Greek κέγκει (kénkei, ‘is hungry’), κάγκανος (kánkanos, ‘arid, barren’), and possibly further with Hittite 𒅗𒀀𒉌𒅔𒋾 (/kāninti/, “thirst”, loc.sg.). Note also strong resemblance with Sanskrit काङ्क्षति (kāṅkṣati, ‘to desire’),……”
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*arsaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑr.sɑz/
arse/ass, buttocks; rump
“……asculine thematic o-stem. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρρος < *órsos; related οὐρά reflects *h₁ors-éh₂- Beekes 2010. Compare Hittite 𒅈𒊏𒀸, Middle Armenian ոռ, and Middle Irish err, reflecting an e-grade formation. The initial *h₁ is not universally rec……”
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*astaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑs.tɑz/
a branch or bough of a tree
“……Proto-Indo-European *h₃ósd-o-s, a thematic masculine noun Ringe 2017. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄζος and Old Armenian ոստ. Hittite 𒄩𒀸𒁺𒅕 may also be related, but its cognate status is uncertain Beekes 2010 Kloekhorst 2008 Martirosyan 2010. Beekes cl……”
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*kaizwijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈkɑi̯z.wi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to turn
“……is purely speculative. Kroonen instead derives the verb from a Proto-Indo-European *geys- (‘to turn, become’), and compares Hittite [script needed] (kīša(ri) ~ kišanta(ri), ‘to happen, occur, become’).…”
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*walþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈwɑl.θuz/
forest
“…Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *wel-, in which case it would be cognate with Hittite 𒌑𒂊𒂖𒇻𒍑 (wellu-š, ‘pasture, meadow’). Another possibility is from Proto-Indo-European *wólH-tu-s, from a root *welH- (‘……”
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*hakô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈxɑ.kɔːː/
hook
“……f Germanic, due to a degree of semantic uncertainty with words of similar sound and meaning in other branches. Orel compares Hittite [script needed] (kaka-, ‘tooth’) and Proto-Slavic *kogъtь (‘claw, talon’). The Germanic has been traditionally recons……”
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*ab
adverb · /ˈɑβ/
away, off
“……not entirely straightforward Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Sanskrit अप, Ancient Greek ἀπό, Latin ab, and probably with Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺; the Anatolian form without a reflex of the laryngeal is one reason to prefer *apó Byrd 2015 Dunkel 2014.…”
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*lauþrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈlɑu̯.θrɑ̃/
nitre used as soap, soap
“……Kroonen attributes the Germanic o-grade to a different reconstruction of the root as *leh₃-, extended as *lh₃-éw-, based on Hittite 𒆷𒀀𒄷𒄿 (la-a-ḫu-i, ‘to pour’), though this is unlikely and there are other possible explanations.…”
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*munþaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈmun.θɑz/
mouth
“……an *mn̥-tó-s (‘mouth, jaw’), from *men- (‘chin’) + *-tós. Cognate with Latin mentum (‘chin’), Welsh mant (‘mandible, gums’), Hittite 𒈨𒂊𒉌𒄿 (me-e-ni-i /mēni/, ‘face, cheek’). More speculatively, possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *stemn- (‘mouth……”
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*arnuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈɑr.nuz/
eagle
“……w paradigm *arnu- Nedoma 2018. Compare the parallel development *berô → *bernuz. The inherited n-stem corresponds closely to Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸, stem ḫāran-, and is also related to Ancient Greek ὄρνῑς Beekes 2010 Kloekhorst 2008…”
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*anǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑ.nɔ̃ː/
(female) ancestor, foremother; especially a grandmother
“……as a stem *h₂an(h)-; Serangeli Serangeli 2020 more specifically reconstructs thematic h₂énH-o-, interpreting the geminate of Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒈾 as evidence for root-final *H, while Olsen Olsen 2020 notes that the gemination may instead be hypocoristic and t……”
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*anþiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑn.θi.jɑ̃/
forehead
“……e or closely related forms include Lithuanian ántis, Latin antiae, and Old Irish étan. The anatomical sense is also found in Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝, Hieroglyphic Luwian 𔐚, Tocharian A ant and Tocharian B ānte van Sluis et al. 2023. Compare also *umbi.…”