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*fallaną
verb · Strong class 7c · /ˈɸɑl.lɑ.nɑ̃/
to fall
“……-Germanic: PIE *h2p-h3elh1-né- > pre-Germanic *polné- (via Osthoff’s Law) > Early Proto-Germanic *falle/o- (via Kluge’s Law) Kroonen 2013. Compare Latin aboleō (‘to destroy, efface, terminate’), Ancient Greek ἀπόλλῡμι (apóllūmi, ‘to completely destro……”
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*agluz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɑɣ.luz/
difficult, hard; troublesome or burdensome, especially in the sense ‘causing toil, pain, or distress’
“……stem in West Germanic Visser 2024. Compare Sanskrit अघ, Sanskrit अघल, Ancient Greek ἄχος/ᾰ̓́χνῠμαι, and possibly Latin algus Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997 Matasović 2022.…”
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*fanô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɸɑ.nɔːː/
cloth
“……n make a regular inherited etymology difficult, and de Vaan 2008 treats the set as possibly borrowed from an unknown source. Kroonen 2013 instead derives the forms from PIE *ph2-no- or *peh2-nó- (with Dybo’s law), explaining Latin pannus through a d……”
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*augnijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑu̯ɣ.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to show, to display
“……øygna and Middle High German ougenen; Orel Orel 2003 subsequently reconstructs *aug(a)njanan (standardized *aug(a)nijaną). Kroonen Kroonen 2013 instead proposes *augenjan- (standardized *augenijaną), formed from the weak stem of *augô. The forms ma……”
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*ēlō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɛː.lɔː/
awl
“……ending from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁l-eh₂- (‘awl’) from a theoretical root *h₁el-. Cognate with Sanskrit आरा (ā́rā, ‘awl’) Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997. It is generally connected with *alaz (‘awl’), but the vowel alternation *a ~ *ē is not str……”
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*aitrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.trɑ̃/
poison, especially venom
“……swelling or ulcer’, whence both ‘pus’ and, through its association with harmful bodily or animal secretions, ‘poison, venom’ Kroonen 2013 Lloyd & Springer 1988. Cognate in formation with Old Church Slavonic ꙗдра, and related at the root level to Old……”
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*fimf
numeral · /ˈɸimɸ/
five
“……oto-Indo-European *pénkwe (‘five’), due to a sporadic change of PIE *kw > *p after resonants in words starting with a labial Kroonen 2013; the expected form would have been **finhw. Cognates are Old Albanian pensë, Old Armenian հինգ (hing), Lithuania……”
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*aikaną
verb · Strong class 7a · /ˈɑi̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to claim, appropriate; to make something one’s own
“……me root as *aiganą. Via Kluge’s Law the *-kn- became geminate *-kk-, later shortening after the diphthong, giving root *aik- Kroonen 2013. Kroonen’s account fits the broader n-stem/nasal-suffix pattern in which Kluge’s Law operates when suffixal *-n……”
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*auk
adverb · /ˈɑu̯k/
also, too
“……ll grade of the additive particle *h₂u. Compare Ancient Greek αὖγε. The particle analysis is favored by modern treatments Kroonen 2013 Orel 2003. An older alternative connects *auk with *aukaną, ultimately with Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg-, perhaps a……”
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*aizāną
verb · Weak class 3 · /ˈɑi̯.zɑː.nɑ̃/
to honor, respect, show reverence to; also to show mercy or favor, spare
“……ō continues Proto-Indo-European *h₂oys-éh₂, an o-grade abstract formation ultimately associated with root *h₂eys- Fulk 2018 Kroonen 2013. The Germanic meanings ‘honor, worship’, ‘favor, assist’, ‘give a present’, and ‘spare, show mercy’ probably ref……”
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*atiską
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑ.tis.kɑ̃/
grainfield; field of standing grain; standing crop
“……‑ formed from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ed-, substantivized through ellipsis, perhaps originally *atiskaz akraz (‘grain field’) Kroonen 2013 Kroonen et al. 2022. Compare Old Armenian հատ, Latin ador, adōris de Vaan 2008 and Old Irish ad, which may refle……”
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*aurī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɑu̯.riː/
a sand- or gravel-bank; a riverbank or spit of land projecting into water
“……ern of feminine terrain nouns in *-ī, beside *albī and *meuzī; Old Norse eyrr directly continues *aurī beside Old Norse aurr Kroonen 2013 van Sluis et al. 2023. In North Germanic, i/j-umlaut regularly changed *au > ey, yielding Old Norse eyrr Fulk 20……”
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*ahtōu
numeral · /ˈɑx.tɔːu̯/
eight
“……form such as *h₃eḱt-eh₃u, perhaps an old dual formation meaning ‘two fours’, though this internal analysis remains uncertain Kroonen 2013. Blažek Blažek 1998 suggests *h₂oḱtoh₁(w), characterizing it as dual form of o-stem *h₂oḱto-, ultimately from ro……”
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*aukaną
verb · Strong class 7b · /ˈɑu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to increase, grow
“…From Proto-Indo-European thematic present *h₂éwg-e/o-, from root *h₂ewg- Kroonen 2013. The basic sense was probably intransitive ‘become greater or stronger’, with transitive ‘increase, augment’ dev……”
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*ausaną
verb · Strong class 7b · /ˈɑu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃/
to scoop up, to draw (a liquid); to pour or sprinkle
“……rom Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews-, probably through a secondary full-grade thematic present *h₂ews-e/o- formed in pre-Germanic Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. The inherited PIE present was probably zero-grade *h₂us-yé/ó-, reflected in Palaic 𒄷𒍑𒅆𒄿𒅔𒀭𒋫 Hans……”
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*berô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈbe.rɔːː/
bear
“……, as a tabooistic reference to the bear as "the brown one". Ringe 2017 suggests instead *ǵʰwer- (‘wild animal’); however, as Kroonen 2013 notes, this derivation depends on the sound change from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰw- > Proto-Germanic *b-, the vali……”
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*aiks
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈɑi̯ks/
oak tree
“…Usually derived from a Proto-Indo-European root noun, *h₂éyǵ-s, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyǵ- Kroonen 2013. However, the Indo-European comparison is not certain. The most common comparanda include Ancient Greek αἰγίλωψ……”
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*ahanō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.xɑ.nɔː/
chaff; awns; the sharp, bristly refuse or husks of grain after threshing
“……pment ‘sharp point, sharp object’ → ‘awn’ → ‘chaff, grain-refuse’ in the Germano-Italic agricultural vocabulary de Vaan 2008 Kroonen et al. 2022. The Germanic forms point to Proto-Germanic *ahanō beside Vernerized *aganō: Gothic 𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌰 preserves *-h-,……”
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*an
adverb · /ˈɑn/
on, onto
“……tended local/allative adverb *h₂en-o ~ *h₂en-ó, though the exact formation underlying Proto-Germanic *an ~ *ana is disputed. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 derives Proto-Germanic *ana from *h₂en-h̥₂, with vocalization of final *h̥₂ to *a; the resulting vowel w……”
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*an
preposition · /ˈɑn/
on, upon (with dative)
“……tended local/allative adverb *h₂en-o ~ *h₂en-ó, though the exact formation underlying Proto-Germanic *an ~ *ana is disputed. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 derives Proto-Germanic @ana*ana from *h₂en-h̥₂, with vocalization of final *h̥₂ to *a; the resulting vow……”
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*anþiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑn.θi.jɑ̃/
forehead
“……ndo-European *h₂énti-o-m, built to the locative *h₂énti of the PIE root noun *h₂ént-s ~ *h₂n̥t-és, from *h₂ent- de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013. The root accent is required to produce Proto-Germanic *þ (compare related *andijaz < post-PIE *h₂antíos Ringe 2……”
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*ēdraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɛː.ðrɑz/
quick, speedy, prompt
“…Unknown. Kroonen 2013 compares Lithuanian otrùs (‘quick’) and Latvian ātrs (‘quick’) but considers them possible loans from. Van der H……”
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*asjǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑs.jɔ̃ː/
forge, smithing furnace; hearth
“……āreō, and the related *-eh₂ formations Hittite 𒄩𒀸𒊭 and Latin āra de Vaan 2008 Kloekhorst 2008 Melchert 2014. Alternatively, Kroonen Kroonen 2013 reconstructs *asjōn- primarily as ‘soapstone’ and regards its connection with *askǭ as uncertain, explai……”
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*aiganą
verb · Irregular · /ˈɑi̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to possess, own, have
“……reterite-present verb from Proto-Indo-European *h₂e-h₂óyḱ-e ~ *h₂e-h₂iḱ-ḗr, the reduplicated stative/perfect of root *h₂eyḱ- Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001. The Proto-Germanic present singular *aih- continues the accented perfect singular, w……”
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*ferrai
adverb · /ˈɸer.rɑi̯/
far, distant
“…Kroonen 2013 derives this from Proto-Indo-European *per-n-óy (locative), from root *per- (‘before, in front; first’) with the……”