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*haugaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑu̯.ɣɑz/
height; hill
“…From Proto-Indo-European *kowk-ó-s (with Verner's law in effect on the second *-k-), from *kewk- (‘hill, elevation’).…”
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*fangiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɸɑŋ.ɡiz/
a catch, taking, contact; booty
“…From Early Proto-Germanic *pank-í-s ~ showing a Verner’s Law -g-. Related to *fanhaną (‘to take, to seize; to capture, to catch’).…”
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*fangą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸɑŋ.ɡɑ̃/
catch (that which is caught)
“…From Early Proto-Germanic *pank-ó-m showing a Verner’s Law -g-. Related to *fanhaną (‘to take, to seize; to capture, to catch’).…”
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*uz
preposition · /ˈuz/
out of
“……d-s (‘up, off’), from *úd (‘out, outward’). As this was a particle word, it was considered unstressed and thus applicable of Verner's law.…”
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*bi
preposition · /ˈbi/
by, at (with accusative or dative)
“……, locative case of *h₁éps, from root *h₁ép- (‘grab, snatch, get’). The Proto-Germanic -b- reflects voicing of earlier -p- by Verner’s Law, which presupposes a preform with accent on the second syllable. This seems more likely than an origin from a ze……”
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*fingraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸiŋ.ɡrɑz/
finger
“……ake in hand, to handle’), with typical *e > *i before a nasal + consonant, and delabialization of the final consonant before Verner’s Law applied Kroonen 2013. Related to Proto-Indo-European *pénkwe (‘five’).…”
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*burdiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈbur.ðiz/
alternative form of *burþiz (‘bearing, carrying, pregnancy, birth’)
“…From the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *bʰértis, which had a Verner’s Law -d-, from *bʰer- (‘to bear’). Related to *beraną (‘to bear, carry’). Compare *burþiz: *burdīz (genitive), *burdī……”
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*dēdiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈdɛː.ðiz/
deed, act
“…From pre-Germanic *dʰē-tí-s, (with a full-grade root with oxytone accent, giving the Verner’s Law -d- in Proto-Germanic, see (Ringe 2013)), from *dʰéh₁-ti-s ~ *dʰh₁-téy-s from root *dʰeh₁- (‘to do, to put’). Co……”
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*under
preposition · /ˈun.der/
among, between
“…From a merger of two originally distinct prepositions as a result of Verner's law: Pre-Germanic *untér and *undʰér, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥tér (‘inside’), from which also Latin inter; and……”
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*furduz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈɸur.ðuz/
ford
“……tem gave rise to *ferþuz. In the nominative the stress fell on the root, and as such *ferþuz does not display the effects of Verner's law seen in *furduz, which has generalized the oblique stem.…”
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*adalaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.ðɑ.lɑz/
liquid manure
“…Probably an a-stem reshaping of an older Proto-Germanic n-stem, **aþlan- ~ **adlan- (‘liquid manure, foul wet matter’), with Verner’s Law alternation *þ ~ *d Kroonen 2013. The word has no secure Proto-Indo-European etymology: comparisons with Ancient……”
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*aiganą
verb · Irregular · /ˈɑi̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to possess, own, have
“……lar Grimm’s law *ḱ > *h, while the plural/infinitive stem *aig- reflects the oxytone accent of the zero-grade perfect, where Verner’s law produced voiced *g Ringe 2017. Cognates include Vedic Sanskrit ईश and possibly Tocharian B aik- Mallory & Adams……”
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*andijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑn.di.jɑz/
the endpoint or extremity of something, whether the front end or back end
“……l coloring Dunkel 2014 Hoenigswald 1985 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The post-root accent accounts regularly for PGmc *d through Verner’s Law (*t > *þ > *d), while *-yo- yields the Germanic *-ija- sequence (with Siever's Law). Neri’s alternative accentua……”
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*ga-
prefix · /ɣɑ/
Indicates association or togetherness; co-.
“……o-Indo-European *gʰo- or the original prefix itself being considered "unstressed" by Germanic speakers, which would activate Verner's law and cause the shift (Compare *uz).…”
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*-þwō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /θwɔː/
forms feminine abstract/action nouns from verbs, often denoting an act, state, result, or associated condition
“…From Proto-Indo-European *-twéh₂, beside strong-form *-tuh₂, from *-tu- + *-éh₂. Some inherited forms show *-dwō by Verner’s Law and later leveling Kluge 1899 Krahe & Meid 1969. The closest IE cognates are Proto-Balto-Slavic *-twāˀ > Proto-S……”
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*-þaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /θɑz/
forms thematic adjectives from verbal roots, usually with resultative, stative, passive, or lexicalized meanings:…
“……c *-tъ Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. The specific form *-þaz presupposes that the accent stood on the preceding root syllable before Verner’s law. Where the inherited suffix accent of *-tó-s was retained, the dental underwent Verner’s law, producing the rela……”
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*aldaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑl.dɑz/
old; grown up, mature
“……adjective in *-tó- from *h₂el-, the same root underlying *alaną Dalpedri 2026 Rix et al. 2001 Watkins 2011. The *d reflects Verner’s Law under suffixal accent; the probable inherited Proto-Germanic comparative degree paradigm was *aldaz : *alþizô :……”
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*aldiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑl.diz/
age, generation; a period or stage of life
“……tic ti-stem from the root *h₂el- Kroonen 2013 Markey & Mees 2014 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001. The Proto-Germanic -d- reflects Verner’s Law in the root-accented syllable, with the weak-case consonantism subsequently generalized throughout the paradigm.……”
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*ahtudô
adjective · an/īn-stem · /ˈɑx.tu.ðɔːː/
eighth; occupying position eight in a sequence
“……-dô (ordinal suffix) < Proto-Indo-European *-tó-, probably from pre-Germanic *h₃eḱtu-tó-. The voiced dental is an outcome of Verner’s Law with the original accent on the suffix. Comparanda include Latin octāvus , Ancient Greek ὄγδοος, Sanskrit अष्टम,……”
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*-ilaz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · a-stem · /i.lɑz/
forms instrument nouns such as tools
“……added to the stem of ye-presents (with the *-i-being the residue of the ye-present suffix). In PGmc, *-tl-became *-dl-due to Verner’s Law and the *-d-was then assimilated, giving *-ll-; this geminate was later shortened in the unstressed suffix, givi……”
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*andawardaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑn.dɑ.ˌwɑr.ðɑz/
present; being before or in the presence of someone
“……e second constituent belongs to the ablauting verbal-adjectival series *-wardaz ~ *-werdaz (‘turned’), beside *werþaną, with Verner's Law *d ~ *þ Faltings 2010 Heidermanns 1993. The West Germanic forms support *andawardaz, while Gothic reflects the *……”
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*-gaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ɣɑz/
forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of 'being, having, or doing'.
“……’. The productive Proto-Germanic form *-gaz reflects the suffix-accented form *-kó-s. In this accentual type, the *k > *g by Verner’s Law, because the syllable before *k was not accented Kluge 1899 Ringe 2017. A small number of Gothic adjectives pres……”
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*ab
adverb · /ˈɑβ/
away, off
“…From Proto-Indo-European *apó, alternatively reconstructed as *h₂epó. The *b reflects Verner’s Law in the pre-Germanic development of *p in a weakly stressed/pretonic particle, though the accentual prehistory of……”
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*arþiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑr.θiz/
plowing, tilling; cultivation
“……rited mobile paradigm was probably *h₂érh₃-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥h₃-téy-s; its accent alternation produced Germanic *arþiz ~ *ardiz by Verner’s Law, with the full-grade root generalized in Germanic Ringe 2017 Wodtko et al. 2008. The Germanic meanings reflect t……”
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*ahjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑx.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to stop on a journey to rest and eat; transitively, to let horses or other animals rest and graze/feed
“……A PIE causative **h₂oḱh₃-éye/o-would normally have suffixal accent and would be expected to give Proto-Germanic **agjaną by Verner’s Law; thus the *-h- of *ahjaną requires either root-accent, analogical restoration, or a denominal renewal Rix et al.……”