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*ginnaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈɣin.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to begin
“……oonen and Scheungraber take it to be from Proto-Indo-European *ken- (‘to arise, begin’), with the prefix inducing voicing by Verner's law. Cognates would then include Proto-Slavic *načęti (‘to begin’) and Proto-Celtic *kentus (‘first’). If the meanin……”
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*-þuz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · u-stem · /θuz/
forms verbal nouns, especially from inherited root verbs, denoting an action, process, result, state, or concrete…
“……ent forms based on the final consonants of the base: after -f, -s, and -h, the t- remained unshifted; it was also subject to Verner's Law if the original accent was on the suffix, in which case the t- became a d- Lehmann 1986a; compare *ferþuz and *f……”
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*blīþiz
adjective · i-stem · /ˈbliː.θiz/
serene, mild
“……nominal. One issue with this theory is the fact that the to-suffix was generally accented, which would normally result in a Verner’s Law -d-: **blīdaz, which would then require analogical leveling to get the desired form. An alternative possibility……”
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*-þiz
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · i-stem · /θiz/
forms feminine i-stem abstract/action nouns from verbal roots, usually denoting the action, event, result, state, or…
“……ent forms based on the final consonants of the base: after -f, -s, and -h, the t- remained unshifted; it was also subject to Verner's Law if the original accent was on the suffix, in which case the t- became a d- Lehmann 1986a. Cognates include Sansk……”
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*aba-
prefix · /ɑ.βɑ/
combining form of *ab (‘away, off’)
“…From Proto-Indo-European *apó, alternatively reconstructed as *h₂epó. The *b reflects Verner’s Law: in the inherited preverb *apó-, *p followed the unaccented initial syllable *a-, since the accent fell on the s……”
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*angijō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡi.jɔː/
a low-lying meadow, especially in a valley or beside a river
“……k-yéh₂, with Siever's Law realization *h₂enk-iyéh₂, from root*h₂enk-. The oxytone accent accounts for Proto-Germanic *-g- by Verner’s Law, while the *-yéh₂ formation underlies the feminine Germanic *jō-stem, a subset of *ō-stems. Compare Ancient Gree……”
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*anhulō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ̃ː.xu.lɔː/
a strap, band, or thong, especially one forming a loop or fastening
“……ulah₂ and notes that *anhulō beside *angulaz preserves an inherited accentual contrast: root accent in *h₂ánkulah₂ prevented Verner voicing of the fricative produced by Grimm’s Law (*k > *h), whereas suffixal accent in *h₂ankulós yielded *g in *angul……”
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*angulaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡu.lɑz/
hook, fishhook
“……ted pre-Germanic *h₂ánkulah₂ > Proto-Germanic *anhulō with suffix-accented pre-Germanic *h₂ankulós > PGmc *angulaz, in which Verner’s Law voices the reflex of *k to *g; the accent of Greek ἀγκύλος independently supports the latter accentuation throug……”
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*anda-
prefix · /ˈɑn.dɑ/
facing, opposite
“……2014 reconstructs root-accented *h₂énto (‘opposite, against’), but the Germanic *-d- requires oxytone accent at the time of Verner’s Law; compare Ringe’s parallel accent shift *h₂énti > *h₂entí for PGmc *andi Ringe 2017. The original spatial sense ‘……”
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*andi
conjunction · /ˈɑn.di/
in addition, also; later, especially in West Germanic, ‘and’
“……ent shift *h₂ánti → *h₂antí in the prehistory of Germanic; Grimm’s Law then gave *t > *þ, and the post-root accent triggered Verner’s Law *þ > *d, yielding pre-Germanic *andí > Proto-Germanic *andi, neatly accounting for the otherwise unexpected medi……”
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*ardiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑr.ðiz/
nature, disposition, character; characteristic quality
“……r-; compare Latin ars, artis and Sanskrit ऋ॒ति Torp 1909. The Germanic *-d- is from a generalization of the weak stem, where Verner’s Law came into effect due to the oxytone accent: *h₂r̥-téy- > pre-Germanic *ard-. The Proto-Germanic stem class, howe……”
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*ausô
noun · neuter · an-stem · /ˈɑu̯.sɔːː/
ear
“……urely demonstrated Lühr 2017. Proto-Germanic remodeled the word as a neuter n-stem *ausan- ~ auzan-, with *s ~ *z reflecting Verner’s Law in an originally mobile paradigm, approximately *áus-un : auz-én-ez Lühr 2017 Ringe 2017. The nasal may represen……”
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*-ōzô
suffix · forms adjectives · an/īn-stem · /ɔː.zɔːː/
forms comparative adjectives, equivalent to English “-er” or “more”, with the sense ‘more X, X-er’, originally with…
“……is-, the primary comparative/elative suffix. In PGmc, the zero-grade *-is- was generalized in the comparative; since the pre-Verner accent fell on the root, the suffixal *s became *z by Verner’s Law, yielding *-izô. Fulk 2018 Meier-Brügger 2003 Ringe……”
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*-gin
particle · /ɣin/
forms indefinite and negative-polarity adverbs and pronouns, with the sense ‘ever, at all, any, some-’
“……terrogative-indefinite stem *kʷó-/*kʷí-, formed with the fossilized adverbial ending *-na Dunkel 2014. The voiced *g is from Verner’s Law due to early cliticization. The *i is from raising of *e before a tautosyllabic nasal after reduction of the cli……”
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*-ōstaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ɔːs.tɑz/
like English “-est”; forms superlative adjectives, chiefly from regular a-stem adjectives (cf. the comparative suffix…
“……ent *-tó- Fulk 2018 Meier-Brügger 2003 Ringe 2017. In the comparative suffixes, PIE posttonic *s regularly became Pgmc *z by Verner’s Law, giving *-izô and *-ōzô, while the *s remained voiceless before *t in the superlatives *-istaz and *-ōstaz. The……”
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*bringaną
verb · /ˈbriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/
to bring
“……its vowel from the primary present, but its voiced velar -g- from the causative stem, where suffixal accentuation triggered Verner's Law. Old English brengan, Old Saxon brengian, and Middle Dutch/Middle Low German brengen explicitly preserve the cau……”
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*dwergaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈdwer.ɣɑz/
dwarf
“……ted by contemporary Indo-Europeanists because voiceless sibilant-stop clusters (*sp, *st, *sk) are phonotactically immune to Verner’s Law and uniformly persist as unvoiced *sk into Proto-Germanic (cf. PIE *pisk-ó-s (‘fish’) yields Proto-Germanic *fis……”