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*arbiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑr.βi.jɑ̃/
heritage, inheritance; patrimony
“……ion is possible, although early contact or borrowing cannot be excluded. Related through *h₃órbʰos to Ancient Greek ὀρφανός, Latin orbus, and Armenian որբ; compare Hittite 𒄯𒀊𒍣 Holopainen 2025 Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013 van Sluis et al. 2023 Weiss 2……”
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*armaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑr.mɑz/
arm
“……forms require an additional laryngeal in the nominal stem. Cognates include Sanskrit ईर्म, Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀, Old Prussian irmo, Latin armus, and Old Church Slavonic ramo. Old Armenian արմուկն probably also belongs here, with secondary Armenian suffixati……”
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*fulką
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸul.kɑ̃/
troop, army
“……crowd, army’), of uncertain origin. May ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós, from *pleh₁- (‘to fill’). Compare Latin plebs (‘common people’). Old Church Slavonic плъкъ (plŭkŭ, ‘army division’) and Lithuanian pulkas (‘crowd’) show f > p……”
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*airuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ruz/
messenger; emissary; herald, especially an itinerant representative; an angel in some reflexes
“……ees 2022a instead connects *airuz with *arundiją and proposes that both were formed from a verbal base ultimately related to Latin ōrō, borrowed through Gaulish *ār-. This interpretation is semantically attractive but remains speculative, since the G……”
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*angraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡrɑz/
lowland; a low-lying meadow or grassland, especially in a hollow or near water
“…Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk-ró-s, a *-ró- derivative of the root *h₂enk-. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 compares Latin ancrae < PIE *h₂enk-reh₂-, a closely corresponding feminine r-formation. The underlying root is also represented by Anc……”
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*alaną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɑ.lɑ.nɑ̃/
to nourish, rear, bring up; to breed, bear
“……able with the root syllable; thus, it entails the Germanic restructuring of an originally thematic PIE present. Cognate with Latin alō and Old Irish ailid; compare also Ancient Greek ἀλδαίνω, an extended formation from the same root.…”
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*armaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.mɑz/
poor, miserable
“……*b before *m: *arbma- > *arma- Kroonen 2013. Related to *h₃órbʰos, reflected in Old Armenian որբ, Ancient Greek ὀρφανός, and Latin orbus; the semantic development was probably through ‘bereft, deprived’ > ‘poor, pitiable’ Holopainen 2025 Martzloff &……”
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*aurijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑu̯.ri.jɑz/
an ounce, especially a unit of weight for precious metal
“…Traditionally regarded as borrowed from Latin aureus, whence Old Norse eyrir, plural aurar de Vries 1977. Aureus is derived from aurum, from Proto-Italic *auso- < Pr……”
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*awiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑ.wiz/
sheep
“……Proto-Germanic Kroonen 2013 Ringe & Taylor 2014. Cognate with Sanskrit अवि- Mayrhofer 1992, Ancient Greek ὄῐ̈ς Beekes 2010, Latin ovis de Vaan 2008, Lithuanian avi̇̀s, and Cuneiform Luwian 𒄩𒀀𒌑𒄿𒅖, and Lycian 𐊜𐊀𐊇𐊙 Kloekhorst 2008.…”
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*-ndz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · consonant stem · /ndz/
forms masculine agent nouns from verbs, especially lexicalized substantives of the present participle, denoting a…
“……eless, the source is clearly participial. The suffix is cognate with Sanskrit -अन्त्-/-अत्-, Ancient Greek -ων ~ -οντος, and Latin -ēns~ -entis-, all from the same PIE present participial formation.…”
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*brējaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈbrɛː.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to roast
“……are Sanskrit भुरति (bhuráti, ‘to palpitate, quiver, stir’), Ancient Greek πορφῡ́ρω (porphū́rō, ‘to heave, boil, surge up’), Latin fretum (‘strait; turmoil’) and ferveō (‘to be hot, burn, boil’).…”
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*gerstō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɣer.stɔː/
barley
“…From virtual Proto-Indo-European *gʰersd-eh₂, from *ǵʰersd-. Cognate with Latin hordeum (‘barley’), Ancient Greek κριθή (krithḗ, ‘barley’), Armenian գարի (gari, ‘wheat’), Albanian drithë (‘cereal, gr……”
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*atalaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑ.tɑ.lɑz/
fierce, savage; grim
“……h₃ed-, but the exact inherited formation is uncertain. Root cognates include Old Armenian ատեմ, Ancient Greek ὀδύσσομαι, and Latin ōdī de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001 Matasović 2009b.…”
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*sūliz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈsuː.liz/
beam, post
“……Kroonen considers of unclear further origin. Orel connects the Germanic with Ancient Greek ῡ̔́λη (hū́lē, ‘wood’) and perhaps Latin solum (‘bottom’). Older theories derived the term from Proto-Indo-European *ḱsewl-, *ḱswel- (‘log’), from Proto-Indo-Eu……”
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*austraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑu̯s.trɑz/
east, eastern
“……/relational suffix *-ter-e/o-. EWA reconstructs Proto-Germanic *aust(e/a)ra- Lühr 2017. Compare Younger Avestan 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 and Latin auster, noun-derived *-tero- formations with an inherited possessive/oppositional function Le Feuvre 2026. Alternativel……”
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*austrōmēnōþs
noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɑu̯s.trɔː.ˌmɛː.nɔːθs/
Easter month; the month corresponding approximately to April in the early Germanic calendar
“……ose festival was celebrated in that month Bede 1999. Old English lexicographical evidence likewise identifies eastermōnaþ as Latin Aprīlis mensis. The Easter name itself is a specifically West Germanic formation: Lehmann Lehmann 1986a notes Old Engli……”
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*meluks
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈme.luks/
milk
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ- (‘to milk’). Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb). The presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root o……”
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*anadz
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈɑ.nɑdz/
duck
“……there is no evidence for inherited *anud-. Hansen Hansen 2017b reconstructs *h₂enH̥t(-i)- ~ *h₂n̥Ht(-i)- and notes that the Latin evidence points to an original root noun, but that a transition to an i-stem must have already happened in PIE. The Ind……”
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*habukaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑ.βu.kɑz/
hawk
“……Indo-European branches to be too irregular and thus views it as a Wanderwort rather than a common PIE inheritance. Note also Latin capys, capus (‘bird of prey’) and Albanian gabonjë (‘eagle, griffon vulture, hawk’), themselves of unknown and likely s……”
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*aitaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.tɑz/
ulcer, boil, abscess
“……tion is closely paralleled semantically by Ancient Greek οἶδος and belongs with οἰδέω and Old Armenian այտնում; compare also Latin aemidus Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Martirosyan 2010 Orel 2003. The same root underlies *aitrą < *h₂eyd-ro-m (and probably……”
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*aiglaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ɣlɑz/
shoot, sprout; probably a pointed young growth, especially a seed- or grain-sprout
“……es of the missile’) and αἰχμή (aikhmḗ, ‘point of a spear, spear’) < Proto-Greek *aiksmā from PIE *h₂eyḱ-sm-eh₂, and possibly Latin ĭcō Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013. The Ancient Greek comparanda point to a *-ló- formation; without the Greek c……”
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*ammǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑm.mɔ̃ː/
grandmother; a parent’s mother
“……rsery word type characterized by labial nasals, and reduplicative or geminate structure; compare Ancient Greek ἀμμά , ἀμμία, Latin amma, Oscan ammai, and Albanian amë. De Vaan de Vaan 2008 formally reconstructs *h₂em(m)-h₂ for the Italic and comparab……”
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*badją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈbɑð.jɑ̃/
bed, sleeping place
“……rom the o-grade of Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂-, alternatively reconstructed *bʰedʰ- Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013. Compare Latin fodiō and Proto-Celtic *bedo-, continued by Middle Welsh bedd Matasović 2009a Medrano Duque 2025. The proposed developm……”
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*agiþō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.ɣi.θɔː/
a harrow; a rake-like agricultural implement used for breaking up and smoothing tilled soil
“……2023, though Mallory and Adams Mallory & Adams 1997 consider the Baltic changes secondary. Cognates include Old Welsh ocet, Latin occa, and Ossetic адæг, though the Ossetic form may be a later loan rather than an inherited Indo-Iranian cognate Koch……”
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*alizō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.li.zɔː/
alder (tree)
“……The noun belongs to an irregular complex reflected by Proto-Slavic *olьša, *elьša, Lithuanian alksnis, Latvian alksnis, and Latin alnus < *al-i(s)no-. The recurrent a ~ e vocalism, -s- ~ -is- variation, and alternation of nasal and non-nasal formati……”