-
*būaną
verb · /ˈbuː.ɑ.nɑ̃/
to dwell, reside
“……aradigm from a week one). Cognates are Latvian bût (‘to be, exist’), Sanskrit अभूत् (ábhūt, aorist of, ‘to be, become’), and Latin fuī (1st person singular perfect active indicative of sum, ‘to be, exist’). Related to *beuną (‘to be, become’).…”
-
*akwisī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɑ.kʷi.siː/
ax; a cutting tool consisting of a sharpened head attached to a handle
“……n Gothic and Northwest Germanic Mottausch 2011 Ringe 2017. Compare Ancient Greek ἀξῑ́νη < Proto-Indo-European *h₂egʷs-i- and Latin ascia < PIE *h₂esk-ieh₂-, with both exhibiting differences in the root consonants and suffixation compared to Proto-Ger……”
-
*bōks
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈbɔːks/
letter, written message, ‘book’
“…Likely from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵ-s from *bʰeh₂ǵ-o-s (‘oak, beech’). Compare Latin fāgus (‘beech tree’), Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, ‘oak, acorn’), and Gaulish bāgos (‘beech’). The semantic development……”
-
*-þrą
suffix · forms nouns · neuter · a-stem · /θrɑ̃/
forms chiefly neuter a-stem nouns denoting an instrument, implement, means, or sometimes a place/product associated…
“……er daughter languages often leveling one allomorph or the other Olsen 1988 Olsen 1999. Cognates include Ancient Greek -τρον, Latin -trum , Gaulish -tron, and Sanskrit -त्र, all forming instrument or abstract nouns.…”
-
*akiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑ.kiz/
ache; physical pain
“……, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-, with a semantic development ‘drive, set in motion’ → ‘agitate, torment’ → ‘ache’; compare Latin agitō. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 derives it from a distinct PIE formation *h₂/₃éǵ-e/o- but admits that it could be from the……”
-
*risiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈri.siz/
a giant
“……B rye (‘city, town’), Thracian βρία (bría, ‘city, wall’)), or from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (‘hill, top’) (perhaps whence Latin verrūca (‘wart; hillock’), Sanskrit वर्स्मन् (vársman, ‘height, top’), Proto-Slavic *vьrxъ (‘top’)). However, this deri……”
-
*ankulaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ku.lɑz/
ankle; the joint between the foot and lower leg
“……root *h₂eng- Kroonen 2013. The semantic development was presumably ‘bend, angle’ > ‘joint’ > ‘ankle’. Close cognates include Latin angulus < *h₂eng-(e)lo-, Sanskrit अङ्गुरि < *h₂eng-ul-i-, and Proto-Slavic *ǫgъlъ, which Derksen likewise derives from……”
-
*-(i)ją
suffix · forms nouns · neuter · a-stem · /i.jɑ̃/
forms neuter abstract/collective nouns from nouns, often with the collective/comitative prefix *ga-
“……older sense ‘together, with’ Watkins 2011. Compare Proto-Slavic *-ьje, a close formal and semantic match, and more broadly Latin -ium and Ancient Greek -ιον, which continue the same Indo-European *-yó-m type as neuter noun-forming suffixes, though……”
-
*aukô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑu̯.kɔːː/
increase, addition
“……nherited PIE noun was the s-stem *h₂eug-os-; on this analysis the Germanic n-stem is an innovation. Compare the root-related Latin augmen. No secure exact non-Germanic cognate of the n-stem is known.…”
-
*aigin
noun · neuter · consonant stem · /ˈɑi̯.ɣin/
shoot, sprout; barb or sharp germinal point, especially of grain
“……dja-. An early split between a direct form without a dental and an oblique dental stem is possible, but speculative. Compare Latin ī̆cō, Mycenaean Greek 𐁁𐀏𐀭𐀔, and Ancient Greek αἰχμή for the root Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008.…”
-
*alīnō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.liː.nɔː/
forearm; elbow
“……ally reconstructed root *Heh₃l-, though the precise laryngeals are uncertain de Vaan 2008. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὠλένη, Latin ulna, Old Irish uilen, and Welsh elin Beekes 2010 Matasović 2009a. Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 points to *alīnō, while North and West……”
-
*ardugaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.ðu.ɣɑz/
steep; sharply rising or sloping
“……state or result produced by a preceding action. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀρθός, Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व, Proto-Celtic ardwos, and Latin arduus Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Matasović 2009a. Garnier Garnier 2014a instead regards the *-gaz extension as a specifi……”
-
*buttaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbut.tɑz/
end; piece
“……e already in Proto-Indo-European, giving Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna, ‘bottom, ground, base, depth, lowest part of anything’) and Latin fundus (‘bottom; farm; ground; foundation’), resulting in a Proto-Germanic paradigm of *budm-, *butt- (the -tt- via Klu……”
-
*-þuz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · u-stem · /θuz/
forms verbal nouns, especially from inherited root verbs, denoting an action, process, result, state, or concrete…
“……, in which case the t- became a d- Lehmann 1986a; compare *ferþuz and *furduz < PIE *pér-tu-s ~ *pr̥-téw-s. Cognates include Latin -tus -tus, Lithuanian -tus, Sanskrit -तु, and Ancient Greek -τύς, all forming action nouns.…”
-
*abniją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑβ.ni.jɑ̃/
material, substance, stuff; the matter or means out of which something is made or by which something is carried out
“……e from *abniją, rather than the source of the noun Johnsen 2005b Orel 2003. Compare Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Kloekhorst 2008 Johnsen 2005b Watkins 2011. Within Proto……”
-
*abô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.βɔːː/
husband; male spouse, especially as the male head of a household
“……ld’ > ‘husband’ is straightforward Johnsen 2005b. Indo-European comparanda include Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Kloekhorst 2008 Watkins 2011. A purely inner-Germanic de……”
-
*Askaburgiją
proper noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑs.kɑ.ˌbur.ɣi.jɑ̃/
Asciburgium, a fortress constructed by the Romans on the present-day boundary between Moers and Duisburg.
“…From Germanic *askaz + *burgz + *-(i)ją. The ancient forms Latin Asciburgium and Ancient Greek Ἀσκιβούργιον indicate such a ja-formation Scheungraber & Grünzweig 2014. The name is best……”
-
*flauhaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸlɑu̯.xɑz/
flea
“……o-Indo-European *plewk- (‘to fly, flow, run’), though possibly reformulated from *plóws-o-s from PIE *plus- (‘flea’; compare Latin pūlex (‘flea’), Lithuanian blusà (‘flea’), Sanskrit प्लुषि॑ (plúṣi, ‘a species of noxious insect’), Old Armenian լու (l……”
-
*huppōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈxup.pɔː.nɑ̃/
to move up and down; hop
“……nic iterative *kuP-néh₂-(ye-)ti, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *kewb-, *ḱewb- (‘to bend; a bend, joint’). Compare Latin cubō (‘I recline’), Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos, ‘hollow in the hips’), Albanian sup (‘shoulder’), Sanskrit शुप्ति (śúpt……”
-
*anadô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.nɑ.ðɔːː/
breath
“……ment is, however, uncertain, as no exact extra-Germanic counterpart confirms the exact enlarged stem. Root cognates include Latin anima< *h₂enh₁-mo and Proto-Celtic *anatlā < *h₂enh₁-tl-eh₂ de Vaan 2008 Matasović 2009a.…”
-
*feukaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈɸeu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to blow
“……ukʻ, ‘breath from the mouth; air from the bellows; puffiness, haughtiness’) and ոգի (ogi, ‘spirit, soul, ghost’), as well as Latin pustula (‘inflamed sore, blister, pustule’). It could also originally be onomatopoeic. A commonly noted cognate, Latvia……”
-
*fastuz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɸɑs.tuz/
fixed, firm, secure
“……orward etymology of the zero-grade form of *h2epo (‘off, away’), *h2po + *sth₂-. In fact, this opens a new possible cognate, Latin postis (‘post’) from the same compound Heidermanns 2002.…”
-
*anda-
prefix · /ˈɑn.dɑ/
facing, opposite
“……, off’. Related Indo-European forms include *h₂énti, reflected in Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝, Ancient Greek ἀντί, Vedic Sanskrit अन्ति, and Latin ante de Vaan 2008 Dunkel 2014 Kloekhorst 2008. Compare also Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë, usually derived from *h₂ént-o- and……”
-
*brōks
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈbrɔːks/
crotch; rear end, rump, hindquarters
“……me from a lengthened o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (‘to break, crack, split’) otherwise. Possible cognate with Latin frangō (‘to break, shatter’).…”
-
*anô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.nɔːː/
(male) ancestor; forefather
“……h₂ is not entirely secure. Cognates of the underlying kinship family include Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒈾, Ancient Greek ἀννίς, Armenian հան, Latin anus, Old Prussian ane, and Lithuanian anýta de Vaan 2008 Martirosyan 2010 Olsen 2020 Serangeli 2020. Crucially, only G……”