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*habukaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑ.βu.kɑz/
hawk
“……Latin capys, capus (‘bird of prey’) and Albanian gabonjë (‘eagle, griffon vulture, hawk’), themselves of unknown and likely substrate origin. If the Slavic cognate is a native formation, the Germanic may have been borrowed from it at an early stage……”
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*aiglaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ɣlɑz/
shoot, sprout; probably a pointed young growth, especially a seed- or grain-sprout
“……he Proto-Germanic form could be an instrument noun formation in *-tló- (see, for instance, Kroonen Kroonen 2017). A European substrate explanation is also possible.…”
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*alizō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.li.zɔː/
alder (tree)
“…Of uncertain origin; recent scholarship increasingly favors a European substrate source. The noun belongs to an irregular complex reflected by Proto-Slavic *olьša, *elьša, Lithuanian alksnis, Latv……”
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*flaiski
noun · neuter · i-stem · /ˈɸlɑi̯s.ki/
meat, flesh
“……ing torn off’, later concretized as ‘piece of bacon, flesh’. Boutkan & Siebinga 2005 consider this a regional North European substrate loanword.…”
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*feukaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈɸeu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to blow
“……ely a loan from (Mīlenbahs 1932) pūgõ (‘to blow’), ultimately from Proto-Uralic *puše- (‘blow’) but could be the source of a substrate in PIE from Finno-Ugric, if not simply onomatopoeic.…”
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*blōþą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈblɔː.θɑ̃/
blood
“……up’; compare Old Armenian բեղմն (bełmn, ‘semen’ from the same root)). e.g., Boutkan & Siebinga 2005 believe it has a non-IE substrate origin, especially given the fact that the widely distributed PIE word for ‘blood’, the r/n-stem *h₁ésh₂r̥ ~ *h₁sh₂……”
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*awadī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɑ.wɑ.ðiː/
eider duck, especially the female eider (Somateria mollissima).
“……North Saami hávda belongs to a group of etymologically obscure Sámi words whose vocalism suggests borrowing from an unknown substrate after the Great Sámi Vowel Shift Aikio 2012. Šorgo Šorgo 2020 argues that the Germanic and Sámi terms may derive fr……”
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*hlaibaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxlɑi̯.βɑz/
bread
“……and κλιβανίτης (klibanítēs, ‘bread baked in a κλίβανος’), which according to Beekes is probably a borrowing from an unknown substrate language. The Germanic word could well have been borrowed from the same source. If so, it would be an early borrowi……”
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*kalbaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈkɑl.βɑz/
calf (young cow)
“……lod’), globus (‘round object’). However, such irregular correspondences between *kalbaz and galba would more likely point to substrate origin. Has been compared to Mingrelian ქაბლა (kabla), itself of uncertain origin.…”
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*ēbanþs
noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɛː.βɑnθs/
evening
“……e *-p-in the open-syllable type, while the short vowel occurs before *-pt-, a pattern which he compares with other suspected substrate loanwords and regards as evidence that the alternation originated in a substratum rather than in PIE ablaut, as vow……”
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*dagaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈdɑ.ɣɑz/
day (the period between sunrise and sunset)
“……an aside, note Proto-Kartvelian root *deɣ- (‘day’) with daughter Georgian დღე (dɣe, ‘day, daytime’), which could indicate a substrate or early borrowing between the two proto-languages (if not a common origin).…”
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*uhnaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈux.nɑz/
oven; furnace
“……ord, or represents a different word altogether. More at *aflaz. Kroonen suggests that the word is a Wanderwort from a pre-IE substrate language, adducing Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-ap-pé-na-aš /ḫapːenas/, ‘baking kiln, fire-pit, broiler (oven)’), Old Prussi……”
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*aspō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑs.pɔː/
aspen; Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula)
“…From a northern Eurasian tree-name *aps- ~ *ops- of uncertain origin, often treated as an old Wanderwort or substrate word rather than as a securely inherited Proto-Indo-European lexeme. Proto-Germanic *-sp- apparently reflects metat……”
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*klumpô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈklum.pɔːː/
clasp; clamp
“……st Germanic *klott (‘clod’). On the other hand, Derksen considers the root in Germanic and Balto-Slavic to be an isogloss of substrate origin, due to variation in both the initial consonant (*g⁽ʰ⁾ ~ *k; cf. Lithuanian klė́bti (‘to embrace’)) and fina……”
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*rattaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈrɑt.tɑz/
rat
“……’)), an ancient Celtic derivative noun like *rattos could conceivably be the source. The word may also go back to an unknown substrate language. Kroonen notes that consonant variation is high in descendant languages, especially in the High German dia……”
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*aluþ
noun · neuter · consonant stem · /ɑ.ˈluθ/
beer, ale
“……y, the European beer words may belong with Latin alūmen through *alu- ‘bitter substance’, perhaps ultimately from a European substrate de Vaan 2008.…”
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*bringaną
verb · /ˈbriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/
to bring
“…Primary mixed verb. Boutkan 2005 believes this is form a Proto-Germanic-Celtic substrate. De (Vries 2005) considers it a gʰ-enlargement with nasal infix of *bʰer- (*bʰ(e)regʰ- > *bʰrengʰ-; compare *ster-……”
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*-ukaz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · a-stem · /u.kɑz/
forms masculine diminutive, hypocoristic, or affective nouns, especially names of animals, plants, young creatures, and…
“……ve two historical sources: some instances may be from inherited Proto-Indo-European *-g-, while others may reflect unshifted substrate *-k-, especially in North Sea Germanic words with opaque etymology and suspicious initial *p- (which is rare in PIE……”
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*ahwō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.xʷɔː/
stream, river, running water
“……Germanic–Italic isogloss, but its limited distribution has led Beekes Beekes 1998 to treat it as an Old European hydronymic substrate word rather than as an inherited Proto-Indo-European word; Kroonen Kroonen 2013 instead keeps the inherited analysi……”