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*drabaną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈdrɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/
to hit, hew
“……to drop, to fall; to drip, to seep’), which in turn was the source of the secondary strong verb, *drepaną (‘to hit, strike’) Kroonen 2013. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *drobìti (‘to crumble, crush’) and Russian дроби́ть (drobítʹ, ‘to crush, to comminute……”
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*arsaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑr.sɑz/
arse/ass, buttocks; rump
“……initial *h₁ is not universally reconstructed; Ringe gives *órsos, which yields the same Proto-Germanic form Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013 Martirosyan 2010 Matasović 2009a Ringe 2017 Ringe 2024 Wodtko et al. 2008.…”
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*bedą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈbe.ðɑ̃/
prayer, entreaty
“……otherwise was *w or *g; see *banô (murderer, killer, death’) and *berô (‘bear’) for other proposed examples of *gʷʰ- > *b-. Kroonen 2013, though doubtful of this sound change, admits *gʷʰedʰ- is a better semantic match.…”
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*dwīnaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈdwiː.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to dwindle, disappear
“……(‘to die; pass away’). Given that Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰ generally becomes Proto-Germanic *w word-internally, according to Kroonen 2013, this could instead be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (‘to decline, perish’), from an n-present, *dʰgʷʰéy-ne……”
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*faimaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸɑi̯.mɑz/
foam
“……ith Latin spūma (‘foam’), Latin pūmex (‘pumice’), Sanskrit फेन (phéna, ‘foam’), and Old Church Slavonic пѣна (pěna, ‘foam’). Kroonen 2013 posits an original *men-stem, *(s)péh3y-mn̥ ~ *(s)ph3i-m̥én-s (based on Matasovic 2004), which accounts for the……”
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*arwīts
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈɑr.wiːts/
pea; a pea plant or its edible seed
“……of a substrate suffix *-ṼD- ~ *-VⁿD-; the divergent vocalism and w ~ b correspondence provide further support for borrowing Kroonen 2012b Kroonen 2013 Šorgo 2020. More recent work strengthens the comparison with Middle Armenian առուոյտ and Proto-Ira……”
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*aþuliją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑ.θu.li.jɑ̃/
patrimony, inherited property
“……neuter *-ja- formation beside *aþala-, reflected in Old Norse ǫðli/eðli, Old English æþelu, and related West Germanic forms. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 instead reconstructs *aþulja- beside *aþala-, primarily in the adjective *aþulijaz, with Old Norse ǫðli/……”
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*edaraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈe.ðɑ.rɑz/
enclosure; shelter
“…Possibly from an old Proto-Indo-European r-stem *h₁ódʰ-r ~ *h₁édʰ-r-s, of uncertain meaning Kroonen 2013, perhaps denoting a wooden structure, frame, edge, or enclosure; compare Proto-Slavic *odrъ (‘wooden constructio……”
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*anþeraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑn.θe.rɑz/
second
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énteros, from *h₂én + *-tero- Dunkel 2014 Kahl 2024 Kroonen 2013. The formation originally designated one member of a pair in opposition to the other, hence ‘other (of two)’ and……”
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*awǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑ.wɔ̃ː/
grandmother
“……ng of the Indo-European kinship term ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root noun *h₂éwh₂-s ~ *h₂uh₂-ós Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013. Proto-Germanic feminine ōn-stems were innovative, with *-ōn- generalized as the feminine counterpart of masculi……”
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*blēwaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈblɛː.wɑz/
blue
“…From pre-Germanic *bʰleh₁-w-ó-s, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (‘blue, gray, yellow’). Kroonen 2013 reconstructs an ablauting u-stem, *bʰléh₁-u-s ~ *bʰl̥h₁-w-ó-s, in order to reconcile the vowels of the Proto-Ger……”
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*flaizô
adjective · n-stem · /ˈɸlɑi̯.zɔːː/
more
“……; a lot of’), from pre-Germanic *plóh1-is-on-, from an o-grade form of root *pleh1-(‘to fill’) + the comparative suffix *-is-Kroonen 2013. Note that adjectives in the comparative degree take only weak endings Fulk 2018. Cognate with Ancient Greek πλε……”
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*badą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈbɑ.ðɑ̃/
pressure; trouble, distress
“…Uncertain. Formally compatible with Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰ-o-m, from the disputed root *bʰedʰ-. Kroonen reconstructs the underlying Germanic noun *bada- from Norwegian bad and East Danish bad and derives *badōjan- (here *……”
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*aidaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ðɑz/
fire; especially a funeral pyre or sacrificial/ritual fire
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-o-s, an o-stem derivative of root *h₂eydʰ- Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. The root itself has been analyzed as an old compound or enlarged verbal root *h₂ey-dʰh₁- (‘put……”
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*aitrōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑi̯.trɔː.nɑ̃/
to fester; to suppurate
“……. Cognates of the underlying root include Old Armenian այտնում, Ancient Greek οἰδέω and οἶδος, and Latin aemidus Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Martirosyan 2010 Matasović 2018 Orel 2003.…”
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*dajjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈdɑj.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to suck, suckle
“……*dʰeh₁-éy-ti ~ *dʰeh₁-y-énti, from root *dʰeh₁(y)- ‘to suckle, nurse’, later remodeled as a Proto-Germanic weak class 1 verb Kroonen 2013. The North and East Proto-Germanic reflexes show the typical result of Holtmann’s Law. Cognate with Latin fellō……”
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*adisô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.ði.sɔːː/
adze; a woodworking tool with the cutting edge set roughly at right angles to the handle
“……s-on-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃edʰés-ō ~ *h₃edʰs-nés, perhaps ultimately a tool noun from a poorly attested root *h₃edʰ- Kroonen 2013. The only potential extra-Germanic cognate is Hittite 𒀀𒋼𒌍𒊭 Mallory & Adams 1997 Pinault 2019a Puhvel 1984. The c……”
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*dugunþō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈdu.ɣun.θɔː/
ability, usefulness, strength
“……from *dʰewgʰ- (‘to hit; produce; be strong, have force’) + *-onts(forms adjectives from Caland system roots) Jasanoff 1978. Kroonen 2013 constructs the etymon as an original ti-stem, dʰugʰ-Hn̥-tí-s, which appears to be a formation utilizing the so-……”
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*ēlaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɛː.lɑz/
eel
“…Uncertain. Possibly from a substrate. Kroonen 2013 tentatively compares *ēlō (‘awl’) and *alaz (‘awl’). Katz 2005 posits a possible Proto-Indo-European root *Heh₃l……”
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*ainagaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.nɑ.ɣɑz/
only, sole; singular, unique
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₁oyno-kó-s, a derivative of *h₁óy-no-s with the adjectival suffix *-ko-s Klein et al. 2017 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Within Proto-Germanic it was reanalyzed as *ainaz + *-agaz /*-gaz, with *-g- reflecting Verner voici……”
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*at
preposition · /ˈɑt/
at, by; toward, to (with accusative or dative)
“……rnier 2014b derives them from a conditioned allomorph *h₂éh₁, developed from *h₂éd through the Kortlandt effect de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2009a Ringe 2017.…”
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*audagaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑu̯.ðɑ.ɣɑz/
wealthy, rich; prosperous
“…From *audaz + *-gaz, literally ‘possessing wealth or prosperity’ Kroonen 2013. The suffix continues Proto-Indo-European *-ko-s. Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃, Old English ēadig, Old Saxon ōdag, and Old High……”
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*Alarīks
proper noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɑ.lɑ.ˌriːks/
a male given name, literally ‘ruler of all’
“……from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs; compare Gaulish -rix, Old Irish rí, Latin rēx, and Sanskrit राजन् Kroonen 2013.…”
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*atjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to incite, provoke, or urge into conflict
“……ye/o-, formed with the o-grade of root *h₃ed-. The sense is continued by Old Norse etja and prefixed Old High German anazzen Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Root cognates include Latin ōdī, an inherited perfect with present meaning, and Old Armenian ատ……”
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*adalaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.ðɑ.lɑz/
liquid manure
“……n older Proto-Germanic n-stem, **aþlan- ~ **adlan- (‘liquid manure, foul wet matter’), with Verner’s Law alternation *þ ~ *d Kroonen 2013. The word has no secure Proto-Indo-European etymology: comparisons with Ancient Greek ὄνθος and ἄσις are semanti……”