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*uppai
adverb · /ˈup.pɑi̯/
up, above, on high
“…From *ub + *-nai, a locative suffix, with assimilation due to Kluge's Law.…”
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*fuhǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɸu.xɔ̃ː/
vixen, female fox
“…Related to *fuhsaz. The variation *h ~ *gg is due to the original n-stem inflection pattern before the application of Kluge's law.…”
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*wantuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈwɑn.tuz/
glove, mitten
“…Likely from a pre-Germanic *wanttuz, presumably from *wantnuz via Kluge's law, from Proto-Indo-European *wondʰnú- (‘glove’), from Proto-Indo-European *wendʰ- (‘to wind, wrap’).…”
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*erpaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈer.pɑz/
light brown, brown
“…From pre-Germanic *erppaz, earlier *h₁erbʰ-nó-s, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erbʰ- (‘brown’) via Kluge’s Law. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀρφνός (orphnós, ‘dark brown’) (< o-grade *h₁orbʰnós), as well as Proto-Slavic *rębъ……”
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*makkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈmɑk.kɔːː/
alternative form of *makô
“…Kluge's law alternant of *makô ~ **umkkaz after paradigmatic leveling of the stem to *makk-, from Proto-Indo-European *mógō ~……”
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*fellą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸel.lɑ̃/
skin, hide
“…From Proto-Indo-European *pel-nó-m, from *pel- (‘to cover, wrap; skin, hide, cloth’) with the geminate -ll- from Kluge’s Law. Cognate with Latin pellis (‘animal skin; pelt, fell, hide; leather’) and Lithuanian plėnė̃ ('membrane, film') De……”
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*duttaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈdut.tɑz/
wisp; tuft of grass or grain
“……perplexed, disturbed’), specifically derives this from a similar reduplicated base, *dʰudʰ-nó-s > Proto-Germanic *duttaz via Kluge’s Law.…”
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*aikaną
verb · Strong class 7a · /ˈɑi̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to claim, appropriate; to make something one’s own
“…From pre-Germanic *h₂oyḱ-n-, an o-grade nasal derivative of Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eyḱ-, the same root as *aiganą. Via Kluge’s Law the *-kn- became geminate *-kk-, later shortening after the diphthong, giving root *aik- Kroonen 2013. Kroonen’s……”
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*deupaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈdeu̯.pɑz/
deep
“……ós, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (‘hazy, unclear, dark; deep’). The devoicing of the expected root-final **-b-is due to Kluge's law. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic дъбрь (dŭbrĭ, ‘valley’), Lithuanian dubùs (‘deep, hollowed out’), Albanian det……”
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*fallaną
verb · Strong class 7c · /ˈɸɑl.lɑ.nɑ̃/
to fall
“……nfix in Proto-Germanic: PIE *h2p-h3elh1-né- > pre-Germanic *polné- (via Osthoff’s Law) > Early Proto-Germanic *falle/o- (via Kluge’s Law) Kroonen 2013. Compare Latin aboleō (‘to destroy, efface, terminate’), Ancient Greek ἀπόλλῡμι (apóllūmi, ‘to comp……”
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*sternǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈster.nɔ̃ː/
star
“……m in Germanic, Pre-Germanic *h₂stérōn, Gen. *h₂sternés, which gave rise to two stems, *ster- and *sterr-, the latter through Kluge's law. The forms showing *stern- have reintroduced the -n- from the cases where it had not been assimilated.…”
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*buttaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈbut.tɑz/
cut off; chopped; stumpy
“……-nó-s, from root *bʰewd- (‘to strike, beat), a d-extension of *bʰew- (‘to blow, swell’) Gordon 2010, with geminate -tt- from Kluge’s Law. Alternatively derived pre-Germanic **bauttaną, an n-extended verbal formation from an Indo-European root meaning……”
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*makô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈmɑ.kɔːː/
an equal; comrade; mate; match
“…An old n-stem as evidenced by the Kluge's law variant *makkô, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *móg-ō, from *meg-, *mog- (‘to knead, work’) (alternatively *mag……”
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*flekkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸlek.kɑz/
spot; mark; blemish
“……om root *pel- (‘to beat, push, drive’) Orel 2003, but the phonology is problematic: pre-Germanic *pleh₂g-nó-s > *flekkaz via Kluge’s Law but with unexplained vowel shortening. Derivations from PIE root *pleh₂-(‘flat’) are semantically and phonologica……”
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*aunaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑu̯.nɑz/
lamb
“……plain *gʷ. The Germanic form is therefore best explained as early remodeling of *akʷna- under the influence of *awiz, before Kluge’s Law Stiles 2018. Cognate with Proto-Italic *agʷnos, whence Latin agnus de Vaan 2008, and Proto-Celtic *ognos, whose u……”
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*dīkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈdiː.kɑz/
pool, puddle
“…Uncertain. Possibly from pre-Germanic *dīkkaz from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ-nó-s (Kluge's Law provides for the -k- in the current term), from *dʰeyǵʰ- (‘to knead; form, shape’) Kroonen 2013. A derivation fro……”
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*-þwō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /θwɔː/
forms feminine abstract/action nouns from verbs, often denoting an act, state, result, or associated condition
“……n *-twéh₂, beside strong-form *-tuh₂, from *-tu- + *-éh₂. Some inherited forms show *-dwō by Verner’s Law and later leveling Kluge 1899 Krahe & Meid 1969. The closest IE cognates are Proto-Balto-Slavic *-twāˀ > Proto-Slavic *-tva, forming deverbative……”
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*hwītaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈxʷiː.tɑz/
white
“……rm of *ḱweytos (‘bright; shine’). The oblique stem, used to form *ḱwitnós would create a voiceless geminate stop tt assuming Kluge's law, which would be reduced to a single t after the heavy first syllable once the consonantism was analogically exten……”
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*stakkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈstɑk.kɑz/
pile of hay; haystack
“…Per Kroonen, with *-kk- via Kluge's law from earlier *stogʰ-nós, from Proto-Indo-European *stogʰ-, cognate with Proto-Slavic *stogъ (‘stack’); the origin……”
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*angijō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡi.jɔː/
a low-lying meadow, especially in a valley or beside a river
“……lated Proto-Germanic *angraz¹ < *h₂enk-ró-s and Latin ancrae Kroonen 2013. Still, the deeper connection is not beyond doubt: Kluge Kluge 1899 regards the further origin of the Germanic meadow words as obscure and only tentatively connects them with t……”
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*-gaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ɣɑz/
forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of 'being, having, or doing'.
“……x-accented form *-kó-s. In this accentual type, the *k > *g by Verner’s Law, because the syllable before *k was not accented Kluge 1899 Ringe 2017. A small number of Gothic adjectives preserve a non-Verner form *-haz, from forms in which the syllable……”
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*flikkiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɸlik.ki.jɑ̃/
piece of meat
“……λάξ (pláx, ‘anything flat and broad’) that could form the basis for these related terms. The geminate -kk- could come from a Kluge’s Law derivation, *plek-nó-s or as an “expressive” formation (for more, see Lühr 1988)), creating an original homonym o……”
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*ferrai
adverb · /ˈɸer.rɑi̯/
far, distant
“……this from Proto-Indo-European *per-n-óy (locative), from root *per- (‘before, in front; first’) with the geminate -rr- from Kluge’s Law. Dunkel 2014 takes a slightly different route, deriving it from Proto-Indo-European *pér-ero- (‘farther, beyond,……”
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*hrīmô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈxriː.mɔːː/
frost, hoarfrost, rime
“……older root-final -p. In the oblique stems, however, the m was lost instead, making the resulting -pn- cluster vulnerable to Kluge's law, which transformed it into a geminate -pp-. This geminate was then shortened due to a heavy long-vowel syllable p……”
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*aþnaz/aþną
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑθ.nɑz/, / ˈɑθ.nɑ̃/
a year
“……Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013. Root accent is required by Germanic Ringe 2017, since suffixal accent would have produced **atta- by Kluge’s Law Kroonen 2013. Alternatively, *atno- may continue Western PIE *h₂etmno-, connecting Old Irish amm and Gaulish amma……”