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*agaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈɑ.ɣɑz/
fear, dread; terror or awe in the face of something threatening
“……ghters then remodeled the stem in different directions, e.g. Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 as a neuter a-stem and Old English eġe as an i-stem Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄχος and Proto-Celtic *āg-ī- Mallory & Adams 1997 Ringe 2017. A recent Ce……”
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*angazaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡɑ.zɑz/
worry, grief, anxiety; distress
“……f an inherited Proto-Indo-European neuter s-stem *h₂émǵʰ-os ~ *h₂emǵʰ-és-os, yielding pre-Germanic *h₂émǵʰ-os-o-s > *angazaz Kroonen 2013. The noun belongs to Proto-Indo-European *h₂emǵʰ- (> *h₂enǵʰ- ); the older *m is supported especially by Hittite……”
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*airizô
adjective · an/īn-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ri.zɔːː/
earlier; preceding in time; former
“……rb formed from the locative of an old r/n-stem *h₂éy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-en. Compare Ancient Greek ἦρι and Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆 Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013. The suffix reflects the zero grade *-is- of the Proto-Indo-European comparative or elative suffix *-yos- ~ *-is……”
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*arundiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑ.run.di.jɑ̃/
a message or communication
“……ārundi, and Old High German ārunti point to *ērundiją. Old Norse eyrendi alone could continue **airundiją Dance et al. 2019 Kroonen 2013. Although comparison with *airuz is semantically attractive, the divergent root vocalism makes a direct derivati……”
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*aplaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑp.lɑz/
apple, fruit
“……its analysis as an ancient Wanderwort or a word diffused after the breakup of Proto-Indo-European Kloekhorst & Lubotsky 2026 Kroonen 2013 Piwowarczyk 2014 Stifter 2019 van Sluis et al. 2023 Wodtko et al. 2008.…”
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*aisǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑi̯.sɔ̃ː/
fireplace, hearth; place or structure in which a fire is maintained
“……ivation requires loss of the root-final *dʰ before *s, but the precise morphological and phonological development is unclear Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. A phonologically more direct preform would be *h₂ey-s-éh₂, presupposing a simpler root *h₂ey-,……”
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*habukaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑ.βu.kɑz/
hawk
“……*kobъzъ (‘small bird of prey: falcon ~ sparrowhawk ~ merlin ~ buzzard’) apparently from a word along the lines of *kobʰuǵos. Kroonen 2013, however, considers the sound correspondences between the words in different Indo-European branches to be too ir……”
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*fanhaną
verb · Strong class 7c · /ˈɸɑ̃ː.xɑ.nɑ̃/
to take, to seize
“……ent, settlement’) Rix et al. 2001. This would mean it is related to *fōgijaną (‘to fit or join together’). Another theory is Kroonen’s (2013) univerbation theory of Proto-Indo-European *h2pó (‘; off, away’’) + *h2n(e)ḱ- (‘to reach, attain’), yielding……”
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*aitaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.tɑz/
ulcer, boil, abscess
“……semantically by Ancient Greek οἶδος and belongs with οἰδέω and Old Armenian այտնում; compare also Latin aemidus Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Martirosyan 2010 Orel 2003. The same root underlies *aitrą < *h₂eyd-ro-m (and probably *aistô), reflecting a wid……”
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*badją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈbɑð.jɑ̃/
bed, sleeping place
“……ter *-yo- derivative from the o-grade of Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰh₂-, alternatively reconstructed *bʰedʰ- Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013. Compare Latin fodiō and Proto-Celtic *bedo-, continued by Middle Welsh bedd Matasović 2009a Medrano Duque 2025.……”
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*akwisī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɑ.kʷi.siː/
ax; a cutting tool consisting of a sharpened head attached to a handle
“……ינָא, although the historical relationship between the Semitic and European forms remains uncertain Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013.…”
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*-nō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /nɔː/
forms feminine ō-stem nouns, especially concrete nouns denoting a body part, natural object, place, animal, product, or…
“……₂ Krahe & Meid 1969 Pronk 2015. Compare also *habanō, which points to a related expanded type *-(a)nō from earlier *-on-eh₂ Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2009a. The suffix is probably the historical base of some forms in related *-snō (forms feminine nouns……”
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*aistāną
verb · Weak class 3 · /ˈɑi̯s.tɑː.nɑ̃/
to respect, revere; hold in awe or esteem
“…From Proto-Indo-European*h₂eysd-, probably through a stative present *h₂eysd-éh₁-ye/o- Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Cognate with Sanskrit ईट्टे and Old Avestan -𐬌𐬱 Cheung 2007Grestenberger 2016. Alternatively, G……”
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*akraną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑk.rɑ.nɑ̃/
fruit of a tree, especially a nut or other mast such as an acorn
“……arian B oko may contain the same root, though they represent different formations and their precise relationship is disputed Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2009a van Sluis et al. 2023.…”
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*aigin
noun · neuter · consonant stem · /ˈɑi̯.ɣin/
shoot, sprout; barb or sharp germinal point, especially of grain
“…Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eyḱ-, also underlying *aiglaz. The exact formation is uncertain. Kroonen 2013 tentatively reconstructs an *nt-formation *h₂eyḱ-ént, which would phonologically account well for a dental stem……”
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*alīnō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.liː.nɔː/
forearm; elbow
“……ile North and West Germanic reflect shortened *alinō; alternatively, inherited suffixal variants may underlie the difference Kroonen 2013 Lloyd et al. 1998. Ringe and Taylor Ringe & Taylor 2014 instead reconstruct *alinō and regard the Gothic long vo……”
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*ardugaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.ðu.ɣɑz/
steep; sharply rising or sloping
“……adjective *h₃érdʰ-u-s ~ *h₃r̥dʰ-éw-s, from root *h₃erdʰ-, further extended in pre-Germanic with adjectival *-ko-s Kluge 1899 Kroonen 2013 Krahe & Meid 1969. The *-dʰ- may represent a PIE root enlargement of root *h₃er- , traditionally called the dʰ-d……”
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*buttaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbut.tɑz/
end; piece
“…From pre-Germanic *bʰudʰ-n-ó-s from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰ-mḗn ~ *bʰudʰ-m̥n-és/*bʰudʰ-n-és(‘bottom’). According to Kroonen 2013, the -m- had been dissimilated in the genitive already in Proto-Indo-European, giving Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna, ‘b……”
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*ballô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈbɑl.lɔːː/
ball
“……s from PIE *bʰol-n-ń̥s and then reanalyzed as a u-stem. The others were likely also derived from oblique forms in zero-grade Kroonen 2013.…”
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*Askaburgiją
proper noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑs.kɑ.ˌbur.ɣi.jɑ̃/
Asciburgium, a fortress constructed by the Romans on the present-day boundary between Moers and Duisburg.
“……maic mountain name favors the older topographic sense Scheungraber & Grünzweig 2014. The first constituent belongs to *askaz Kroonen 2013; older scholarship reconstructs Germanic *askiz, which would more directly account for the transmitted Asci-/Ask……”
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*andō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑn.dɔː/
vestibule, entrance hall; hallway
“……tem element rather than represent a primary root Jakob 2024. Cognate with Sanskrit आता, Latin antae, and Old Armenian դրանդի Kroonen 2013 Martirosyan 2010. Kroonen reconstructs a Verner alternation *anþō- ~ *andō- on the basis of Old Norse ǫnn ~ ǫnd,……”
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*fastuz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɸɑs.tuz/
fixed, firm, secure
“…Kroonen 2013 notes a possible relationship with Old Armenian հաստ (hast, ‘firm, steady; thick, dense’), deriving the forms fr……”
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*aizą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.zɑ̃/
copper or bronze; by extension, metal, ore, and objects or money made from copper alloy
“……deling: the inherited -s- was reinterpreted as part of the lexical stem, while the noun adopted the neuter a-stem declension Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Thorsø et al. 2023. Cognate with Latin aes ~ aeris, Umbrian ahesnes, Oscan aizniō, Sanskrit अयस्, and……”
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*aidiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ði.jɑ̃/
isthmus, strait
“……minalized neuter of a gerundival/adjectival formation, *h₁oy-tó-s, built from the o-grade of Proto-Indo-European root *h₁ey- Kroonen 2013. Semantically, it would be: ‘passable’ > ‘passage, portage’ > ‘isthmus, strait’. Compare Ancient Greek ἰτός from……”
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*ainijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ni.jɑz/
juniper, probably the common juniper or a closely similar coniferous shrub/tree
“……Matasović likewise regards the western distribution as suggestive of a substrate loan rather than inherited PIE vocabulary. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 reconstructs Proto-Germanic *ainja- from pre-Germanic *h₁oy-n-yo-, perhaps ultimately connected with an……”