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*hallō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈxɑl.lɔː/
hall
“……e root *ḱel- (‘to hide, cover, conceal, protect’) (whence Proto-Germanic *helaną (‘to hide, conceal’)). Further cognate with Sanskrit शाला (śā́lā, ‘house, mansion, hall’), Old Irish cuile (‘storeroom, kitchen’) and possibly Ancient Greek καλῑᾱ́ (kalī……”
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*hīgōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈxiː.ɣɔː.nɑ̃/
to breathe (heavily), pant, snort, wheeze
“……ump; swift, fierce’), thereby cognate with e.g. Russian сига́ть (sigátʹ, ‘to spring, jump’) (Proto-Slavic *sigáti) and maybe Sanskrit शीघ्र (śīghrá-, ‘quick, fast’); if so, Old English may preserve the original sense. Further derived from *ḱey- (‘to……”
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*ampraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑm.prɑz/
sharp or acrid in taste; sour, bitter
“……fically pre-Germanic chronology are lacking Heidermanns 1993 Lloyd & Springer 1988 Wodtko et al. 2008. Usually compared with Sanskrit अम्ल and Latin amārus (probably remodeled with Latin -ārus); related formations in the broader but uncertain ‘raw’ f……”
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*farsī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɸɑr.siː/
cow; heifer
“……Latin pariō (‘to bear, to give birth to’), Lithuanian perėti (‘brood’), Greek πόρτῐς (pórtĭs, ‘a calf, young heifer’), and Sanskrit पृथुक (pṛthuka, ‘boy; the young of any animal’). A feminine form related to male *farzaz (‘bull, ox; stier’) and *fa……”
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*stelaną
verb · Strong class 4 · /ˈste.lɑ.nɑ̃/
to steal
“…According to Kroonen & (Lubotsky 2009), from Proto-Indo-European *tsel- (‘to sneak’) (compare e.g. Sanskrit त्सर् (tsar), Shughni сӗрт (‘to steal, sneak’), Old Armenian սողիմ (sołim, ‘to creep, to steal’)). The supposed meta……”
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*-īnaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /iː.nɑz/
like modern English “-en”; forms adjectives of material from nouns, meaning 'made of (noun)'; forms adjectives or…
“……o-European *-ī-no- type, with cognates such as Latin -īnus, Ancient Greek -ινος, Proto-Celtic *īnos, Proto-Slavic *-inъ, and Sanskrit -ईन Krahe & Meid 1969 Repanšek 2016.…”
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*ahsō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑx.sɔː/
axle; the shaft or axis on which wheels turn
“…From pre-Germanic *h₂éḱs-eh₂, a feminine *-eh₂-stem built from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱs- Kroonen 2013. Compare Sanskrit अक्ष, Ancient Greek ἄξων, Latin axis, Lithuanian ašìs, and Old Church Slavonic ось Lubotsky 2023 Mallory & Adams 199……”
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*aisōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑi̯.sɔː.nɑ̃/
to rush, dash forward; move or drive violently
“……tin īra, from *h₁éysh₂-eh₂, whose emotional meanings developed from the notion of violent impulse or agitation; compare also Sanskrit एषयति Cheung 2010 Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001.…”
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*askǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑs.kɔ̃ː/
ash, ashes
“…Usually connected with Proto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-, but the exact formation is uncertain. Cognate with Sanskrit आस and Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒀸; compare also Old Armenian աճիւն, probably an enlarged formation in -g- Kloekhorst 2008 Martirosy……”
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*ferudi
adverb · /ˈɸe.ru.ði/
last year, a year ago
“……, Lithuanian pérnai (‘last year’), Old Armenian հերու (heru, ‘last year, in the last year’), Persian پار (pâr, ‘last year’), Sanskrit परुत् (parut, ‘last year’), and Scottish Gaelic an-uiridh (‘last year’).…”
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*kwēniz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈkʷɛː.niz/
wife
“……the predominance of the "wife" meaning, as opposed to the more direct descendent *kwenǭ (‘woman’) and a similar formation in Sanskrit भर॑ति (bhárati, ‘to bear’) giving भार्या (bhāryā).…”
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*taglą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈtɑɣ.lɑ̃/
hair; ponytail
“……the tail’), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (‘to tear, shred, fray’). Cognate with Old Irish dúal (‘strand or lock of hair’), Sanskrit दशा (daśā, ‘fringe’), as well as perhaps Serbo-Croatian dlȁka (‘a single hair’). In addition to the above theory, Kr……”
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*brazdaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbrɑz.dɑz/
edge, brim
“……*bruzdaz (‘point, spike, thorn’) and *brezdaz (‘board, plank, shelf’). Possible cognates are Proto-Slavic bōrzdà (‘furrow’), Sanskrit भृ॒ष्टि • (bhṛṣṭí, ‘spike, point, top, corner, edge’), Welsh brath (‘bite, sting, stab; wound, injury’).…”
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*hungruz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈxuŋ.ɡruz/
hunger
“……‘arid, barren’), and possibly further with Hittite 𒅗𒀀𒉌𒅔𒋾 (/kāninti/, “thirst”, loc.sg.). Note also strong resemblance with Sanskrit काङ्क्षति (kāṅkṣati, ‘to desire’), though a formal relation appears difficult.…”
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*skūrō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈskuː.rɔː/
shelter, shack
“……ibly from the dative form *sku(w)eni, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skuH-ro-, from *(s)kewH- (‘to cover’), related to Sanskrit स्कुनाति (skunāti, ‘he covers, protects’). Alternatively, the pre-form *sku(w)enjō- is considered by Kroonen to stem……”
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*-(i)janą
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 1 · /i.jɑ.nɑ̃/
forms Weak class 1 verbs from nouns and adjectives, especially denominals meaning ‘act as, use, provide, or be…
“……actitive verbs, *-janą reflects the Germanic continuation and leveling of PIE y-present and denominative formations. Compare Sanskrit denominatives in -यति and, more broadly, Greek and Latin derived-verb classes continuing or remodeling the same *-yé……”
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*badōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈbɑ.ðɔː.nɑ̃/
to press or weigh down; oppress, distress; frighten
“……ér 2025 more specifically derives *badōn- from the zero grade *bʰh₂dʰ- from Proto-Indo-European root *bʰeh₂dʰ-, cognate with Sanskrit बाधते and probably Lithuanian bósti. The older comparison with Old Irish fo-botha is formally untenable for various……”
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*farą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸɑ.rɑ̃/
a means of passing, ford, ferry
“……óros, ‘a means of passage, passageway, way, opening; especially passage over a body of water: ford, strait, ferry, bridge’), Sanskrit पा॒र (pārá, ‘crossing’), and Tocharian B pere (‘a plant stem, stalk’).…”
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*hwītaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈxʷiː.tɑz/
white
“……first syllable once the consonantism was analogically extended to other cases. Compare Proto-Slavic *světъ (‘light; world’), Sanskrit श्वेत (śvetá, ‘white, bright’).…”
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*dwīnaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈdwiː.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to dwindle, disappear
“……uld instead be from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (‘to decline, perish’), from an n-present, *dʰgʷʰéy-ne/o-with a cognate in Sanskrit क्षिणाति (kṣiṇā́ti, ‘to destroy, ruin’) Scheungraber 2010.…”
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*faimaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸɑi̯.mɑz/
foam
“……m Proto-Indo-European *(s)poh3y-m-o-s, from *(s)poh3(y)-(‘foam’). Cognate with Latin spūma (‘foam’), Latin pūmex (‘pumice’), Sanskrit फेन (phéna, ‘foam’), and Old Church Slavonic пѣна (pěna, ‘foam’). Kroonen 2013 posits an original *men-stem, *(s)péh……”
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*skertaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈsker.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to cut off
“……ee the derivative *skurtaz (‘short’). Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)kerd- (‘to move, sway, swing’), and related to Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, ‘to spring’), Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, ‘to swing’).…”
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*ahtudô
adjective · an/īn-stem · /ˈɑx.tu.ðɔːː/
eighth; occupying position eight in a sequence
“……an outcome of Verner’s Law with the original accent on the suffix. Comparanda include Latin octāvus , Ancient Greek ὄγδοος, Sanskrit अष्टम, Tocharian A oktänt, and Tocharian B oktante, all meaning ‘eighth’. However, they all reflect different post-P……”
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*anþeraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑn.θe.rɑz/
second
“……the inherited ordinal in several Indo-European branches Kahl 2024. Cognate with Lithuanian añtras, Old Prussian antars, and Sanskrit अन्तर, the latter reflecting a merger with distinct *h₁énteros Fulk 2018 Mayrhofer 1992.…”
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*durzaną
verb · Preterite-present · /ˈdur.zɑ.nɑ̃/
to dare
“……(‘to be bold, dare’), itself an *-s-extension of *dʰer- (‘to support, hold’). Cognates are Proto-Slavic *dьrznǫti (‘dare’), Sanskrit धृष्णोति (dhṛṣṇóti, ‘to be bold or courageous or confident or proud; to dare or venture’), Lithuanian drį̇̃sti (‘to……”