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*kumbraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈkum.brɑz/
sorrow, burden, trouble
“……mō, ‘to be full’). An uncertain reconstruction; note that many etymologists view the given descendants as being derived from Latin or a Celtic language (see the etymology at German Kummer).…”
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*ahanō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.xɑ.nɔː/
chaff; awns; the sharp, bristly refuse or husks of grain after threshing
“……xes reflect *-g-, plausibly from suffixal accent or analogical generalization of a Verner variant Kroonen 2013. Cognate with Latin agna < Proto-Italic *aknā; compare Old Prussian ackons (though this is possibly a borrowing from Germanic), and formall……”
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*atberaną
verb · Strong class 4 · /ˌɑt.ˈβe.rɑ.nɑ̃/
to bear or carry to; bring forward, bring to
“……nherited Strong class 4 verb from Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-; the PIE present *bʰer-e/o- is continued by Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽, Latin ferō, Ancient Greek φέρω, Old Armenian բերեմ, and Indo-Iranian forms such as Sanskrit भरति Rix et al. 2001. The Germani……”
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*angazaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡɑ.zɑz/
worry, grief, anxiety; distress
“……-n- characterize the non-Anatolian reflexes. Direct nominal cognates include Vedic Sanskrit अंहस्, Younger Avestan 𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵, and Latin angor; compare also Ancient Greek ἄγχω and Latin angō from the same root de Vaan 2008 Norbruis 2021 Rix et al. 2001 Wod……”
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*dauþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈdɑu̯.θuz/
death
“……ną (‘to die’), *daudaz (‘dead’), and *dewaną (‘to die’). Cognates are Old Armenian դի (di, ‘corpse, dead body, carcass’) and Latin fūnus (‘funeral, death, corpse’).…”
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*hrugjaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈxruɣ.jɑz/
back
“……rigin. Appears to stem from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)krewk- (‘heap, hill; back, spine?’), with potential cognates listed at Latin crux (‘cross (frame, symbol)’), though this is highly speculative. Whether the hypothetical root is a derivative of *(s……”
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*skaftaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈskɑɸ.tɑz/
shaft
“……(‘to strike, beat’). Compare Proto-Slavic *kopьje (‘spear, javelin’), Ancient Greek σκῆπτρον (skêptron, ‘staff, baton’) and Latin scapus (‘shaft’), which Albanian shkop (‘stick’) may also derive from or merely be cognate with.…”
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*ahaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈɑ.xɑz/
ear, spike, or head of grain
“……ed as a neuter z-stem *ahaz ~ *ahiz-, later partly remodeled, possibly as *ahsą Kroonen et al. 2022 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Latin acus < Proto-Italic *akos-, Tocharian A āk, and Tocharian B āke, which likely preserve the more primary sense ‘tip, poi……”
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*blōtą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈblɔː.tɑ̃/
offering, sacrifice
“…Uncertain. De Vaan 2008 notes a commonly posited cognate in Latin flāmen (‘priest, flamen’) from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₂- (d-)mn̥, from a root *bʰleh₂- (‘to call out, speak solemnly……”
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*blōtaną
verb · Strong class 7e · /ˈblɔː.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to worship
“…Uncertain. De Vaan 2008 notes a commonly posited cognate in Latin flāmen (‘priest, flamen’) from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₂- (d-)mn̥, from a root *bʰleh₂- (‘to call out, speak solemnly……”
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*brōþēr
noun · masculine · r-stem · /ˈbrɔː.θɛːr/
brother
“……tic Greek φρᾱ́τηρ (phrā́tēr, ‘clansmen, kinsman, citizen’), Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrā́tṛ, ‘brother, kinsman, relative, cousin’), Latin frater (‘brother, male friend, lover, sibling’), and Tocharian A pracar (‘brother’).…”
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*elmaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈel.mɑz/
elm tree
“……hikinetic m-stem, *h₁él-m̥ ~ *h₁l̥-m-ós. Cognates are Russian: ильм (ilʹm, ‘elm, wych elm’), Old Irish lem (‘elm tree’), and Latin ulmus (‘elm’).…”
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*faką
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸɑ.kɑ̃/
An enclosed or defined space; division; compartment; department
“……‘to fit, fix, fasten’) Kroonen 2013. Cognate with Ancient Greek πάγη (págē, ‘snare, noose, anything that fixes or fastens’), Latin pāgus (‘district, canton, region’), and Latvian poga (‘button’). Possibly related to *fastuz (‘fixed, firm, secure’).…”
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*ferþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈɸer.θuz/
inlet, fjord
“……oblique stem is the source of *furduz (‘ford’). Cognates are Welsh rhyd (‘ford’), Central Kurdish پرد (pird, ‘bridge’), and Latin portus (‘harbor, port’).…”
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*flōkaną
verb · Strong class 7e · /ˈɸlɔː.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to beat, strike
“……restored to *flōk- by analogy with the iterative derived from it. Cognate with Ancient Greek πλάζω (plázō), πλήσσω (plḗssō), Latin plango, Old Church Slavonic плакати (plakati).…”
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*rustaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈrus.tɑz/
rust
“……anic *rudʰ-s-tos-, derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ- (‘red’). Compare Lithuanian rùstas (‘brown-red’). Also compare Latin russus (‘red, reddish-brown’), Proto-Slavic *rusъ (‘fair, blonde (of hair), yellow, red, light-colored’) (whence Russia……”
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*blēatjaną ~ blētijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈblɛː.ɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/, /ˈblɛː.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to bleat
“……o make a loud noise’). Cognate with Serbo-Croatian бле́јати/bléjati (‘to bleat’), Russian бле́ять (bléjatʹ, ‘to bleat’), and Latin fleō (‘cry, weep’).…”
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*erþōkundaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈer.θɔː.ˌkun.dɑz/
terrestrial, of earthly birth
“……scendants may also be explained as parallel post-Proto-Germanic formations. The Gothic term is commonly cited as a calque of Latin terrigena (‘produced by the earth’).…”
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*barmaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbɑr.mɑz/
edge, border
“……of ‘stick out, edge, hem’, in which case this specific form would have come from PIE *bʰórm-o-s. Potential cognates would be Latin frōns (‘leafy branch, foliage, greenery’), Dutch brem (‘broom shrub’), and English brim.…”
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*lewô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈle.wɔːː/
lion
“…From Latin leō. This form can be reconstructed from the Gothic and West Germanic forms. Old Norse seems to have re-borrowed the te……”
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*mērijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈmɛː.ri.jɑz/
renowned, famous, great
“……to a Proto-Indo-European *mer- (‘to shine, sparkle, excel’). Compare Ancient Greek μαρμαίρω (marmaírō, ‘to flash, sparkle’), Latin merus (‘pure’), as well as Old Church Slavonic мѣръ (měrŭ), Old Irish már, mór.…”
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*skurtaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈskur.tɑz/
short
“……dʰ- (‘to cut up’), assuming the Germanic *-t- was originally *-tt- as in the iterative (from *(s)kr̥dʰ-n-éh₂-). Compare also Latin curtus (‘shortened, incomplete’), Proto-Slavic *kortъkъ (‘short’).…”
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*sukkōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈsuk.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to suck
“……represent a back-formation from the iterative, as the expected outcome from inheritance would be *seuhaną. Cognates include Latin sūcus (‘juice’), Latvian sùkt (‘to suck’), Proto-Slavic *sъsàti (idem). On the other hand, Latin sūgō (‘to suck’) and O……”
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*barō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈbɑ.rɔː/
beam, bar, rail
“…Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰorH-eh₂, from root *bʰerH- (‘to strike; pierce’). Compare Latin forus (‘gangway, plank’), Russian забо́р (zabór, ‘fencing, paling, fence’). Compare also Ancient Greek φάρος (pháros, ‘……”
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*durą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈdu.rɑ̃/
big door, gate
“……द्वार (dvā́ra, ‘door, gate, opening, way’), Tocharian B twere (‘door’), Ancient Greek θῠ́ρᾱ (thŭ́rā, ‘door, entrance’), and Latin forum (‘public place, marketplace, forum’). -. Related to *durz (‘door, hatch, flap) and *durīz (‘door’).…”