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*angô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡɔːː/
a bend or crook; a hook, barb, or projecting point
“……xytone formation *h₂enk-ón-. The closest formal cognate is Ancient Greek ἀγκών; related formations include Sanskrit अङ्क and Latin uncus, reflecting the same semantic complex ‘bend, crook’ → ‘hook, projecting point’ Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997……”
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*agalaitijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈɑ.ɣɑ.ˌlɑi̯.ti.jɑz/
licentious, wanton, shamelessly unrestrained
“……‘released, unrestrained’ developed into ‘wanton, licentious’; compare Lithuanian láidyti, Middle Irish láidid, and perhaps Latin lūdō Rix et al. 2001.…”
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*aþnaz/aþną
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑθ.nɑz/, / ˈɑθ.nɑ̃/
a year
“……₂ét-no-, a *-no- formation beside the rare verbal base reflected by Sanskrit अतसि de Vaan 2008 Rix et al. 2001. Cognate with Latin annus, Oscan aceneis, akenei, and Umbrian acnu < Proto-Italic *atno- de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013. Root accent is required……”
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*artǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑr.tɔ̃ː/
a waterside bird, perhaps a wagtail or a small duck such as a teal or garganey
“……d Norse arta Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2020. Compare Ancient Greek ἐρῳδιός, with variants ἐρῳδιός, ἀρῳδιός, and ῥῳδιός, and Latin ardea; the irregular variation within Greek and between the languages has been taken to point to a pre-Greek or wider Europ……”
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*baidijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈbɑi̯.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to force, compel; to demand, require
“……‘force’ as closer to the primitive sense Kroonen 2013 Lehmann 1986a. Cognate root formations include Ancient Greek πείθομαι, Latin fīdō, and Albanian be de Vaan 2008 Rix et al. 2001. Compare Proto-Slavic *běditi, though its inherited status versus Ge……”
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*haubudą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈxɑu̯.βu.ðɑ̃/
head
“…From earlier *hafud, from Proto-Indo-European *káput. Cognate with Latin caput. The original form in Germanic was *habudą, which has been retained in most North Germanic dialects, whereas some……”
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*-ō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /ɔː/
forms feminine ō-stem nouns from roots and stems, including concrete nouns, person nouns, and abstract/action/result…
“……lective forming suffix *-h₂ is real but is not the sole source of the feminine suffix Melchert 2014 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Latin -a, Ancient Greek -ᾱ/-η (-ā/-ē), Sanskrit -आ, Proto-Slavic *-a, Proto-Celtic *-ā, and Latvian and Lithuanian -a, all wi……”
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*-ōþuz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · u-stem · /ɔː.θuz/
forms masculine u-stem action/result nouns, especially from weak class 2 verbs, denoting the action, practice, process,…
“……2 verbs, in contrast to the older simple *-þuznouns which were less common Kluge 1899 Krahe & Meid 1969 Ringe 2017. Compare Latin fourth-declension nouns in -ātus, such as senātus and magistrātus, formed by rebracketing of action nouns in -tus, -tūs……”
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*akraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑk.rɑz/
a field or tract of open land, especially land used for cultivation or grazing
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀒𐀫, Ancient Greek ἀγρός, Latin ager, Sanskrit अज्र, and Classical Armenian արտ Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Wodtko et al. 2008. The noun is often connecte……”
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*aljamarkiz
adjective · i-stem · /ˈɑl.jɑ.ˌmɑr.kiz/
foreign, alien; a foreigner, one from another territory or country
“……ultimately continues Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos, while the second belongs to PIE *mórǵs, whence also Proto-Celtic *mrogis, Latin margō, Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀, and Persian مَرْز Koch 2020 Kroonen 2013 Weiss 2012.…”
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*amsaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑm.sɑz/
shoulder
“……poses an ablauting paradigm with nominative singular *h₁ómhₓsos > *h₁ómsos beside weak *h₁emhₓso-, the latter accounting for Latin umerus without otherwise unmotivated vowel epenthesis; Ancient Greek ὦμος is likewise compatible with *h₁ómsos under re……”
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*angustiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡus.tiz/
narrowness, tightness; constriction
“……ʰ-. The shift from bodily constriction to emotional distress is already Indo-European: compare Sanskrit अंहस्, Avestan 𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵, Latin angor, angustus, and Ancient Greek ἄγχω Bernard 2025 Kroonen 2013 Wodtko et al. 2008.…”
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*bautaną
verb · Strong class 7b · /ˈbɑu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to beat, knock, bump, push
“……ʰew-t-, ‘to strike, beat’); the geminate is explained by Kluge’s Law, with later shortening after the diphthong *au. Compare Latin fūtō ‘to strike’, fūstis ‘club’, though the extra-Germanic comparison is formally uncertain and may point instead to an……”
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*fehtaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈɸex.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to comb, detangle
“……m a t-extended thematic present, Late Proto-Indo-European *péḱ-t-e/o-, from root *peḱ- (‘to pluck (wool, hair). Cognate with Latin pectō (‘to comb; (figuratively) to give someone a thrashing, thrash’) and possibly Ancient Greek πεκτέω (pektéō, ‘to sh……”
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*fleuganą
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈɸleu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to fly
“……te it from *fleuhaną (‘to flee; to escape’), which would have been homophonous with the original pronunciation. Cognate with Latin plūma (‘feather, plume’) and Lithuanian plùnksna (‘feather; quill, pen’). Related to *fleugǭ (‘flying insect, fly’), *f……”
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*-hw
particle · /xʷ/
joins words, phrases, and clauses
“……ltimately from a fossilized verbal form of the root *sekʷ-. Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit -श्च, Avestan 𐬗𐬁-, Ancient Greek τε, Latin -que, Oscan -𐌐, -𐌐𐌄, Celtiberian -kue, and Old Irish -ch-, all meaning ‘and’ or having a coordinating function.…”
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*aba-
prefix · /ɑ.βɑ/
combining form of *ab (‘away, off’)
“……ropean preverbs is, however, not entirely straightforward Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Sanskrit अप, Ancient Greek ἀπό, Latin ab, and probably with Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺; the Anatolian form without a reflex of the laryngeal is one reason to prefer *apó By……”
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*fifaldǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɸi.ɸɑl.dɔ̃ː/
butterfly
“……s in the Proto-Germanic daughter languages, as well as in the IE cognates, so a precise etymology is difficult. Cognate with Latin pāpiliō (‘butterfly, moth’), Proto-Slavic *perpelъ (‘quail’), and Old Mazanderani پاپلی (pāpıli, ‘butterfly’)…”
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*-iz
suffix · forms adverbs · /iz/
forms comparative adverbs, equivalent to English “-er” or ‘more’, with the sense ‘more X, X-er, rather X’
“……an *-is-, the zero-grade of the inherited comparative/elative suffix *-yos- ~ *-is-. In adverbs it was uninflected. Compare Latin magis, which preserves the same inherited adverbial use of the suffix. There is also a similar, parallel comparative ad……”
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*-ōdaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ɔː.ðɑz/
forms denominal adjectives meaning ‘having, provided with, characterized by X’, comparable to English “-ed” in bearded,…
“……participles likewise had *-ō- + *-daz. As a result, some formations could be reinterpreted as participial. Cognates include Latin -ātus and Proto-Slavic *-atъ.…”
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*amalą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑ.mɑ.lɑ̃/
hard work, toil, struggle; laborious or persistent exertion.
“……ekes 2010 Obrador-Cursach 2021. LIV² alternatively reconstructs *h₂emh₃-, chiefly on account of the disputed comparison with Latin amō Rix et al. 2001.…”
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*auknaną
verb · Weak class 4 · /ˈɑu̯k.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to grow, become larger
“……ents, ultimately *-néh₂- ~ *-n̥h₂-. The base derives from PIE *h₂ewg-; compare Old Armenian աճեմ and Lithuanian áugti, while Latin augeō is an essive derivative of the same root Kroonen 2013 Kümmel 2011-2026.…”
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*aunaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑu̯.nɑz/
lamb
“……emodeling of *akʷna- under the influence of *awiz, before Kluge’s Law Stiles 2018. Cognate with Proto-Italic *agʷnos, whence Latin agnus de Vaan 2008, and Proto-Celtic *ognos, whose unexpected *o- may likewise reflect influence from *owis Matasović 2……”
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*hattuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈxɑt.tuz/
hat
“……from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰnú-, from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (‘to guard, cover, protect, care for’), and compared with Latin cassis (‘helmet’), as well as possibly Proto-Slavic *kòšь (‘basket’). However, Kroonen notes that the term looks like a……”
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*afti
adverb · /ˈɑɸ.ti/
afterwards, later; again, once more
“……-i) Kroonen 2013. The original base is from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó. Compare Ancient Greek ἀπό, Sanskrit अप, Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀, Latin ab, and Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺. For its posterior derivative *h₂ep-tero- (‘farther back, later’); compare Sanskrit अपतरम् and Anci……”