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*arhwō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑr.xʷɔː/
arrow
“……he precise post-Verner development remains uncertain de Vaan & Kroonen 2016 Ringe 2017. De Vaan de Vaan 2008 derives cognate Latin arcus from Proto-Italic *arkuo-/*arkʷo-. Ancient Greek ἄρκευθος, Cypriot ἄργετος, and Proto-Slavic *orkyta have been co……”
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*-niz
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · i-stem · /niz/
forms feminine abstract, action, or result nouns from verbal roots and stems
“……rectly from full-grade verbal roots. Krahe and Meid Meid 1969 compare forms such as Sanskrit वह्नि॑, Lithuanian šlaunis, and Latin clūnis. In Proto-Germanic, direct inherited *-nis was fully productive only in Gothic. The suffix became newly producti……”
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*albiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑl.βiz/
elf; a supernatural being of Germanic religion and mythology
“……ʰós, referring originally to the being by its whiteness or pale appearance Hall 2007 Krahe & Meid 1969 Watkins 2011. Compare Latin albus and Ancient Greek ἀλφός; related formations include Old High German albiz, likewise derived from the Indo-Europea……”
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*baitaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbɑi̯.tɑz/
boat, ship; vessel
“……rade thematic derivative of Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd-. The same root underlies *bītaną; compare Vedic Sanskrit भिनत्ति and Latin findō Rix et al. 2001 Wodtko et al. 2008. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 proposes that the noun originally denoted a small boat h……”
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*aizą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.zɑ̃/
copper or bronze; by extension, metal, ore, and objects or money made from copper alloy
“……e lexical stem, while the noun adopted the neuter a-stem declension Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Thorsø et al. 2023. Cognate with Latin aes ~ aeris, Umbrian ahesnes, Oscan aizniō, Sanskrit अयस्, and Avestan -𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 de Vaan 2008 Olander 2023 Thorsø et al.……”
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*auþijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈɑu̯.θi.jɑz/
empty, void, deserted, desolate; barren, waste
“……cient Greek αὔσιος. The comparison with Greek and its derivation from PIE *au- goes back at least to Schulze Schulze 1907. Latin ōtium may likewise continue Proto-Italic *autiom, but this etymology remains disputed de Vaan 2008 Zavaroni 2024.…”
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*aistô
noun · neuter · an-stem · /ˈɑi̯s.tɔːː/
testicle
“……formation Derksen 2008 Derksen 2015 . The same root is reflected in Ancient Greek οἰδέω and οἶδος, Old Armenian այտնում, and Latin aemidus Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Martirosyan 2010 Orel 2003 Rix et al. 2001.…”
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*arwīts
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈɑr.wiːts/
pea; a pea plant or its edible seed
“……loan from a pre-Indo-European agricultural substrate. The worid is a feminine root noun whose irregular correspondences with Latin ervum, Ancient Greek ὄροβος, and especially Ancient Greek ἐρέβινθος favor parallel adaptation of a non-Indo-European cr……”
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*austrōnijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈɑu̯s.trɔː.ni.jɑz/
eastern
“……n 2011a. EWA instead reconstructs PGmc *-ōnija-, with *-rōnija- arising secondarily by metanalysis, and tentatively compares Latin -āneus, possibly from a common Proto-Italic/Proto-Germanic *-ān(e)yo- from West PIE *-eh₂-(h₃)n-(e)iyo-, though they re……”
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*stūpaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈstuː.pɑ.nɑ̃/
to stoop
“……, thus seeming to reflect a pre-Germanic root *stewb-. However, the rarity of *b in Proto-Indo-European and cognates such as Latin stupeō (‘to be stunned’) make it more likely that the root was *stewp- (‘to push, hit, knock’) with a semantic shift to……”
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*auþuz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɑu̯.θuz/
easy, effortless; light, not difficult or burdensome
“……tance, well-being, enjoyment, and desire. Compare Sanskrit अवति, Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌, Old Irish con·oí, Ancient Greek ἐνηής, and Latin aveō Kroonen 2013 Visser 2024. Kroonen reconstructs the immediate preform specifically as *h₂eu-tu-; García Ramón Garcí……”
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*arjaną
verb · Strong class 7 j-present · /ˈɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to plow; to till (the soil)
“……Rix et al. 2001 Weiss 2020. Cognate with Old Irish airid, Lithuanian ariù, Old Church Slavonic орѭ, Ancient Greek ἀρόω, and Latin arō. Kloekhorst Kloekhorst 2008 proposes that PIE *h₂erh₃- originally meant ‘crush’, reflected in Hittite ḫarra-/ḫarr-,……”
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*aizō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑi̯.zɔː/
reverence, respect, honor
“……nts of a broad sense ‘respectful or benevolent treatment’ Must 1961. A possible early inscription of the word in the form of Latin “Alaisiagae” comes from 3rd century CE inscriptions at a shrine in Housesteads in Northumbria, England, presumably buil……”
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*blōþą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈblɔː.θɑ̃/
blood
“……the r/n-stem *h₁ésh₂r̥ ~ *h₁sh₂éns (cf. Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (e-eš-ḫar, /ēšḫar/), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Sanskrit असृज् (asṛj), and Latin sanguī̆s) does not show up with that sense in Proto-Germanic (though it did survive in *īsarną (‘iron’).…”
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*nasō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈnɑ.sɔː/
nose
“…From Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s (‘nose’). Compare Latin nāsus. May, in Proto-Germanic, have been a plurale tantum, whose nominative ending *-ō goes back to the Proto-Indo-Euro……”
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*tēkaną
verb · Strong class 7d · /ˈtɛː.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to touch
“……ity of this root to Proto-Indo-European *teh₂g- (‘to touch, take (by the hand)’) (whence *þakkōną (‘to touch lightly, tap’), Latin tangō (‘I touch’), Ancient Greek τεταγών, but the two cannot be reconciled by traditional means, as the "unshifted" Ger……”
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*alinabugô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.li.nɑ.bu.ɣɔːː/
elbow; the joint or bend between the upper and lower arm
“……idespread Indo-European ‘elbow, forearm’ family from PIE root *Heh₃l-, with derivatives including Ancient Greek ὠλένη ὠλένη, Latin ulna, Old Irish uilen, and Welsh elin Beekes 2010 Matasović 2009a Watkins 2011. Mallory and Adams Mallory & Adams 1997……”
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*-gaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ɣɑz/
forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of 'being, having, or doing'.
“……Kluge 1899. Suffixes with a similar derivation to this one are *-agaz, *-īgaz, and *-ugaz. Cognates of this suffix include Latin -cus, Ancient Greek -κός, and Sanskrit -कस.…”
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*warmaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈwɑr.mɑz/
warm (having a higher temperature than usual)
“……osed. # From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰór-mo-s, from *gʷʰer- (‘warm, hot’) + *-mos, related to Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós), Latin formus, Persian گرم (garm) and Sanskrit घर्म (gharma). # From Proto-Indo-European *wór-mo-s, from *wer- (‘to burn’) + *……”
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*alawaldaz ~ alawaldô
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˌɑ.lɑ.ˈwɑl.dɑz / ˌɑ.lɑ.ˈwɑl.dɔːː/
ruler of all; sovereign, supreme ruler
“……ong a-stem being a possible original PGmc form. Its religious use in both Old Norse and West Germanic was likely a calque of Latin omnipotens Carr 1939. Closely related is the Gothic term 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃, based on a substantivized participle of a Gothic……”
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*ankijǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ki.jɔ̃ː/
a joint or articulated part of the body, especially the ankle or heel; probably also the nape of the neck
“……red to this declension Fulk 2018. Particularly close is Vedic Sanskrit अङ्ग; related formations include Sanskrit अङ्गुरि and Latin angulus, while Ancient Greek ἀγκών belongs to the closely related *h₂enk- root Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013 K……”
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*algiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑl.ɣiz/
elk
“……garded as related but separate Germanic formations. Compare Old Norse elgr beside Old English eolhand Old High German elaho. Latin alcēs is an early borrowing from Germanic, probably from a variant **alhi-; Ancient Greek ἄλκη was probably subsequentl……”
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*aikwernô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑi̯.kʷer.nɔːː/
squirrel
“……oonen 2013 Seebold 1982. Cognates include Lithuanian voverė̃, Old Prussian weware, Proto-Slavic *věverica, Welsh gwiwer, and Latin viverra, suggesting an inherited IE zoonym whose meaning may originally have been broader than ‘squirrel’ alone Kroonen……”
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*ardiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑr.ðiz/
nature, disposition, character; characteristic quality
“……ucted as an i-stem, continuing the Proto-Indo-European proterokinetic ti-stem *h₂ér-ti-s ~ *h₂r̥-téy-s, from *h₂er-; compare Latin ars, artis and Sanskrit ऋ॒ति Torp 1909. The Germanic *-d- is from a generalization of the weak stem, where Verner’s Law……”
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*swammaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈswɑm.mɑz/
sponge
“……Such a substrate word may speculatively be related to the substrate sources of similar words in other languages, including Latin fungus (‘mushroom, fungus’), Ancient Greek σπόγγος (spóngos)/σφόγγος (sphóngos, ‘sponge; tonsil’), Old Armenian սունկն (……”