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*gallô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɣɑl.lɔːː/
infirmity, weakness
“……r-stem in Norwegian galder (‘swelling on a horse's foot’)), cognate with Proto-Celtic *galarom (‘pain, illness ~ grief’) and Hittite 𒆗𒆷𒅈 (kal-la-ar /gallar-/, ‘inauspicious, bad; enormous’) (reflecting *ǵʰ(o)lH-ro-), from a root *ǵʰelH- (‘to damage……”
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*arbaidiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðiz/
labor, work, toil
“……g around’, or from *h₃orbʰ-oi-t-i-s, both connecting the word with agricultural labor through the root sense ‘turn’. Compare Hittite 𒄯𒀊𒍣 and Proto-Slavic *orbota Martzloff & Machajdíková 2023.…”
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*abnijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑβ.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to perform, execute
“……heteroclitic n-form, as in pre-Germanic *h₃ep-n-yo-m > Proto-Germanic *abniją Johnsen 2005b. Compare Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Johnsen 2005b Kloekhorst 2008 Watkins……”
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*aimaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.mɑz/
steam, vapor
“……e IE cognates. A relationship with PIE root *h₂eydʰ- seems plausible, just not possible as a direct origin. Comparisons with Hittite 𒄿𒉡𒍣 from PIE *h₁eh₃y- Kloekhorst 2008 are incompatible with the North Germanic forms in *īm-. Related to *aimuzjǭ.…”
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*aba-
prefix · /ɑ.βɑ/
combining form of *ab (‘away, off’)
“……not entirely straightforward Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Sanskrit अप, Ancient Greek ἀπό, Latin ab, and probably with Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺; the Anatolian form without a reflex of the laryngeal is one reason to prefer *apó Byrd 2015 Dunkel 2014.…”
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*attô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑt.tɔːː/
father, dad
“……onen 2013. It is conventionally reconstructed as PIE *átta Ringe 2017; de Vaan de Vaan 2008 instead posits *h₂et-o-. Compare Hittite 𒀜𒋫𒀸, Ancient Greek ἄττα, Latin atta, and Proto-Celtic attyo- de Vaan 2008 Kloekhorst 2008 Matasović 2009a. Direct in……”
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*afti
adverb · /ˈɑɸ.ti/
afterwards, later; again, once more
“……13. The original base is from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó. Compare Ancient Greek ἀπό, Sanskrit अप, Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀, Latin ab, and Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺. For its posterior derivative *h₂ep-tero- (‘farther back, later’); compare Sanskrit अपतरम् and Ancient Greek ἀπωτ……”
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*arbiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑr.βi.jɑ̃/
heritage, inheritance; patrimony
“……or borrowing cannot be excluded. Related through *h₃órbʰos to Ancient Greek ὀρφανός, Latin orbus, and Armenian որբ; compare Hittite 𒄯𒀊𒍣 Holopainen 2025 Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013 van Sluis et al. 2023 Weiss 2006.…”
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*awô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.wɔːː/
grandfather
“……Lühr 2017, and Proto-Celtic *awon-tīr ~ *awon-tro- Matasović 2009a. Cognate at the underlying stem level with Latin avus and Hittite 𒄷𒄴𒄩𒀸 Mallory & Adams 2006.…”
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*arô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.rɔːː/
eagle
“……obile paradigm *h₃ér-n ~ *h₃r-én- ~ *h₃r-n-. PIE final *-ō regularly gave the trimoric vowel of Proto-Germanic *arô; compare Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸, stem ḫāran- Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῑς, probably from feminine *……”
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*armaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.mɑz/
poor, miserable
“……d by dissimilation of a form retaining the labial, parallel to Old Norse haustr < *harbistaz. Alternatively, comparison with Hittite 𒂊𒅕𒈠𒀭 and Sanskrit अर्मन् permits a reconstruction of *h₁or-mo-, but Kroonen regards the *h₃orbʰ-mo-s analysis as pref……”
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*angazaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡɑ.zɑz/
worry, grief, anxiety; distress
“……ngazaz Kroonen 2013. The noun belongs to Proto-Indo-European *h₂emǵʰ- (> *h₂enǵʰ- ); the older *m is supported especially by Hittite 𒄩𒈠𒀭𒆠 / 𒄩𒈪𒅔𒆠 whereas the familiar forms with *-n- characterize the non-Anatolian reflexes. Direct nominal cognates i……”
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*alizō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.li.zɔː/
alder (tree)
“……do-European formation and have been interpreted as evidence of prehistoric borrowing Kroonen 2024 Matasović 2024 Šorgo 2020. Hittite 𒄑𒀀𒆷𒀭𒍝, formerly adduced in support of the noun's PIE antiquity, is botanically uncertain and has recently been argued……”
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*argaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.ɣɑz/
unmanly; cowardly, timid; dishonorable, unworthy
“……reted as ‘one mounted/copulated with’, beside oxytone *h₃orǵʰ-ó-s Heidermanns 1993. Cognate with Lithuanian eržùs, aržùs and Hittite 𒀀𒅈𒅗𒊑; Russian ёрзать has also been compared but is less secure Frantíková 2022 Kroonen 2013. Probably related to PIE……”
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*abniją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑβ.ni.jɑ̃/
material, substance, stuff; the matter or means out of which something is made or by which something is carried out
“……ondary denominative from *abniją, rather than the source of the noun Johnsen 2005b Orel 2003. Compare Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Kloekhorst 2008 Johnsen 2005b Watkins……”
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*abô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.βɔːː/
husband; male spouse, especially as the male head of a household
“……le head of household’ > ‘husband’ is straightforward Johnsen 2005b. Indo-European comparanda include Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Kloekhorst 2008 Watkins 2011. A purely……”
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*anda-
prefix · /ˈɑn.dɑ/
facing, opposite
“……, opposite’ readily developed into ‘against’ and then ‘away, off’. Related Indo-European forms include *h₂énti, reflected in Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝, Ancient Greek ἀντί, Vedic Sanskrit अन्ति, and Latin ante de Vaan 2008 Dunkel 2014 Kloekhorst 2008. Compare also……”
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*blōþą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈblɔː.θɑ̃/
blood
“……origin, especially given the fact that the widely distributed PIE word for ‘blood’, the r/n-stem *h₁ésh₂r̥ ~ *h₁sh₂éns (cf. Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (e-eš-ḫar, /ēšḫar/), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Sanskrit असृज् (asṛj), and Latin sanguī̆s) does not show up with th……”
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*brestaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈbres.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to burst, break, sunder, split, crack
“……a breaking sound’). Beekes 2010 also connects this root to Ancient Greek φάρσος (phársos, ‘any piece cut off, portion’) and Hittite 𒉺-𒅈-𒀸 / 𒉺-𒅈-𒅆 / 𒉺-𒅈-𒅆-𒅀 (pa-ar-aš / pa-ar-ši / pa-ar-ši-ya /parš-//parši-//paršiya-/, ‘to break; crumble; violate a……”
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*warmaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈwɑr.mɑz/
warm (having a higher temperature than usual)
“……sian گرم (garm) and Sanskrit घर्म (gharma). # From Proto-Indo-European *wór-mo-s, from *wer- (‘to burn’) + *-mos, related to Hittite [script needed] (warnuzi). The dispute is due to differing hypotheses on how Proto-Indo-European initial *gʷʰ- evolve……”
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*Amisī
proper noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɑ.mi.siː/
the river Ems
“……hlmeier 2014 Blažek 2024 Rix et al. 2001. Probable cognates or related formations include Albanian amë, Ancient Greek ἀμάρη, Hittite 𒀀𒈪𒅀𒊏 , and Old Irish ind-aim/adh-aim, with possible further relatives Vedic Sanskrit अमत्र, Armenian աման, and Ancien……”
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*uhnaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈux.nɑz/
oven; furnace
“……t word altogether. More at *aflaz. Kroonen suggests that the word is a Wanderwort from a pre-IE substrate language, adducing Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸 (ḫa-ap-pé-na-aš /ḫapːenas/, ‘baking kiln, fire-pit, broiler (oven)’), Old Prussian wumpnis (‘oven’) as additi……”
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*anguz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡuz/
narrow, tight
“……ean Caland-system u-stem adjective *h₂énǵʰ-u-s ~ *h₂n̥ǵʰ-éw-s, from the root *h₂enǵʰ-, probably reflecting earlier *h₂emǵʰ-; Hittite 𒄩𒈠𒀭𒆠 preserves the original *-m- before the dorsal Bernard 2025 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001 Wodtko et al.……”
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*atiską
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑ.tis.kɑ̃/
grainfield; field of standing grain; standing crop
“……ped from *h₂ed-, since hulled cereals were parched before dehusking Kroonen et al. 2022. Pisaniello Pisaniello 2021 excludes Hittite 𒄩𒀜𒋻 / 𒄩𒀀𒋻 as a cognate as the predominant geminate spelling implies inherited *t rather than *d. The gender is not ce……”
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*andi
conjunction · /ˈɑn.di/
in addition, also; later, especially in West Germanic, ‘and’
“……an adverbial *án-ti ~ *án-th₂ rather than the root noun *h₂énts itself. Cognates of the inherited spatial formation include Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝, Ancient Greek ἀντί, Vedic Sanskrit अन्ति, and Latin ante; Old Armenian ընդ is probably related, though its preci……”