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*awiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑ.wiz/
sheep
“……alternative and is preferred by several major etymological dictionaries Adams 2025 Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013. The inherited meaning was generic ‘sheep’; specialization to ‘ewe’ is secure in Northwest Germanic, though Kroo……”
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*amazô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.mɑ.zɔːː/
a bunting, probably the yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella)
“……; compare Old High German amaro, explicitly an n-stem beside amar Kluge & Seebold 1989 Lloyd & Springer 1988. Alternatively, Kroonen reconstructs *amazan- (‘bunting’) as an independent Germanic bird name Kroonen 2013.…”
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*ahslō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑx.slɔː/
shoulder; shoulder-joint, probably including the adjacent armpit/underarm region
“……rom Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-l-éh₂- ~ *h₂eḱs-(i)l-éh₂-, a feminine *-éh₂ derivative of root *h₂éḱs- with an *-l- extension Kroonen 2013. The broader Indo-European family includes Sanskrit अक्ष, Ancient Greek ἄξων, Latin axis, and, with the l-extens……”
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*apaldraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.pɑl.drɑz/
apple tree
“…From the apple stem underlying *aplaz, with Germanic *apal- ~ *apul- variation, + the dendronymic suffix *-dra-/*-drō- Kroonen 2013. The suffix belongs to the Proto-Indo-European instrumental-formant family *-tro-, *-tlo-, *-dʰro-, *-dʰlo-; Ger……”
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*ainahô
adjective · an/īn-stem · /ˈɑi̯.nɑ.xɔːː/
only, single, sole; used as a limiting weak adjective, ‘the only one, the sole X’
“……ivative of *h₁óy-no-s. Cognate or closely parallel formations include Latin ūnicus and Old Church Slavonic инокъ Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013. Related to *ainaz and to the parallel adjective *ainagaz.…”
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*ainōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑi̯.nɔː.nɑ̃/
to unite, combine, join together
“……-European *h₁óy-no-s; compare Latin ūnus, Old Irish óen, Lithuanian víenas, Old Church Slavonic инъ, and Ancient Greek οἴνη (Kroonen 2013: s.v. *aina-).…”
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*anþijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑn.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to breathe
“……þą continues Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-to-m, from *h₂enh₁-; compare Sanskrit अनिति and Tocharian B anāsk- Rix et al. 2001. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 derives Old English ēþian from *anþijaną, beside Old English oroþ < *uzanþą. Compare *ananą, the inherit……”
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*aikwernô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑi̯.kʷer.nɔːː/
squirrel
“……ucted as *wer-wer- or *we(i)-wer-), yielding Early Germanic *aikwur- ~ *īkuraz-, from Proto-Indo-European root *wer-/*h₂uer- Kroonen 2011a Kroonen 2013 Seebold 1982. Cognates include Lithuanian voverė̃, Old Prussian weware, Proto-Slavic *věverica, We……”
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*ala-
prefix · /ˈɑ.lɑ/
compound form corresponding to *allaz ('all-, entire-, wholly, very')
“……he *-no- formation continued by *allaz; alternatively, *ala- may be a specialized Germanic compound stem of that adjective. Kroonen 2013.…”
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*dailijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈdɑi̯.li.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to divide, to share, to deal
“……to-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-l-, an l-extension of root dʰeh₁- (‘to put, make’) with a reformulated o-grade diphthong in the root Kroonen 2013.…”
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*argaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.ɣɑz/
unmanly; cowardly, timid; dishonorable, unworthy
“……nate with Lithuanian eržùs, aržùs and Hittite 𒀀𒅈𒅗𒊑; Russian ёрзать has also been compared but is less secure Frantíková 2022 Kroonen 2013. Probably related to PIE *h₁órǵʰis ~ *h₃órǵʰis, reflected by Ancient Greek ὄρχις and Old Armenian որձիք. The ini……”
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*aþnaz/aþną
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑθ.nɑz/, / ˈɑθ.nɑ̃/
a year
“……n 2008 Rix et al. 2001. Cognate with Latin annus, Oscan aceneis, akenei, and Umbrian acnu < Proto-Italic *atno- de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013. Root accent is required by Germanic Ringe 2017, since suffixal accent would have produced **atta- by Kluge’s La……”
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*dunstą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈdun.stɑ̃/
mist, haze
“…Per Kroonen 2013, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuns-to-m, from a nasal-infix zero-grade form of *dʰwes- (‘to smoke, fume’). Cognate……”
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*akiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑ.kiz/
ache; physical pain
“……Indo-European *h₂eǵ-, with a semantic development ‘drive, set in motion’ → ‘agitate, torment’ → ‘ache’; compare Latin agitō. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 derives it from a distinct PIE formation *h₂/₃éǵ-e/o- but admits that it could be from the ‘drive’ sense……”
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*augijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑu̯.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to show, display; cause to see
“…Probably from *augô + *-(i)janą¹, a Weak class 1 denominal verb, with the sense ‘make visible, bring to attention’ > ‘show’. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 and Orel Orel 2003 explicitly derive *augijaną from the noun; Kroonen further analyzes doublet *augnijan……”
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*ankwô
noun · neuter · an-stem · /ˈɑŋ.kʷɔːː/
ointment; salve
“……tive *h₃éngʷō of the Proto-Indo-European neuter n-stem *h₃éngʷn̥ ~ *h₃n̥gʷéns, derived from *h₃engʷ- Fulk 2018 Jasanoff 2002 Kroonen 2011a Kroonen 2013 Pronk 2021 Ringe 2017. The semantic range ‘ointment’ ~ ‘butter’ is old, reflecting the use of fatt……”
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*akraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑk.rɑz/
a field or tract of open land, especially land used for cultivation or grazing
“……os. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀒𐀫, Ancient Greek ἀγρός, Latin ager, Sanskrit अज्र, and Classical Armenian արտ Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Wodtko et al. 2008. The noun is often connected with PIE root *h₂eǵ-, perhaps originally denoting open land onto……”
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*falþaną
verb · Strong class 7c · /ˈɸɑl.θɑ.nɑ̃/
to fold
“…From Proto-Indo-European *pól-t-e/o-, from an o-grade form of t-extended root *pel- (‘to fold’) Kroonen 2013. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *ɸaltu- (‘joint’), Albanian palë (‘fold, stratum; class’), and Ancient Greek -πλάσιος……”
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*aflą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑɸ.lɑ̃/
power, strength, might; bodily or effective force
“…From pre-Germanic *h₃ép-lo-m, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ep- Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. The original sense was probably ‘working power, effective capacity’ > ‘strength, might’. Cognat……”
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*ahtilōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑx.ti.lɔː.nɑ̃/
to intend to, strive, think
“……word belongs to a Germanic mental/attention/intention set including *ahjaną, but there are no secure extra-Germanic cognates Kroonen 2013.…”
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*fargijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɸɑr.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to push (down)
“……h2erk- (‘to protect, guard, hold, lock’). A direct cognate to Latin porceō (‘to keep or ward off or back, hinder, restrain’) Kroonen 2013.…”
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*fawaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɸɑ.wɑz/
few
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ph2w-ó-s, a zero-greade form of root *peh2w- (‘few, little; smallness’) Kroonen 2013. Cognates are Latin paucus (‘few, little’), Ancient Greek παῦρος (paûros, ‘little, small’), Lithuanian putýtis (……”
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*fingraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸiŋ.ɡrɑz/
finger
“……e’), with typical *e > *i before a nasal + consonant, and delabialization of the final consonant before Verner’s Law applied Kroonen 2013. Related to Proto-Indo-European *pénkwe (‘five’).…”
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*awidiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑ.wi.ði.jɑ̃/
herd or flock of sheep
“……rms for herds, probably ultimately reflecting the zero grade *dʰh₁- of Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- + *-yo- Krahe & Meid 1969 Kroonen 2013. Kroonen reconstructs pre-Germanic *h₃eui-dʰh₁-io-, approximately *h₂owi-dʰh₁-iyo-m with the reconstruction of *……”
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*arnuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈɑr.nuz/
eagle
“……European *h₃érō ~ *h₃ér-on-. The u-stem is secondary: the n-stem accusative plural *arnunz, from pre-Germanic *h₃ér-n-n̥s in Kroonen’s Kroonen 2011a Kroonen 2013 reconstruction, was reanalyzed as a u-stem form and became the pivot for a new paradigm……”