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*krabitaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈkrɑ.βi.tɑz/
A crustacean (crab, lobster, crayfish).
“……However, Kroonen notes that, in addition to the above theory, significant influence or even outright borrowing from the same substrate continuum whence Ancient Greek κᾱ́ρᾰβος (kā́răbos, ‘beetle, crustacean’) and Proto-Germanic *humaraz (‘lobster’) is……”
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*sweblaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈsweβ.lɑz/
sulfur
“……) (de Vaan); Kluge instead suggests that the Germanic and Latin, while from *swelplos, are borrowed from a pre-Indo-European substrate. This is supported by Kroonen, who additionally adduces Serbo-Croatian sȗmpor (‘sulfur’), Old Armenian ծծումբ (ccum……”
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*buskaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbus.kɑz/
bush; thicket
“……’), but this would involve the addition of two separate extensions (*-s- and *-k-). Another possibility is that it is from a substrate language, noting that many northwest European languages have words for flora and fauna with -sk- and -st-. The Lati……”
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*marþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈmɑr.θuz/
marten
“……Spanish comadreja (‘weasel’), from a deprecative diminutive of Spanish comadre (‘mother of one's godchild’). Or, possibly of substrate origin.…”
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*maþô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈmɑ.θɔːː/
maggot, worm
“…From Proto-Indo-European *mat-ḗn ~ *mat-nés, from *mat- (‘insect, worm, maggot’), possibly borrowed from a substrate language. Compare Proto-Slavic *motyľь (‘butterfly’), Sanskrit मत्कुण (matkuṇa, ‘bug’). Possibly also related to Pr……”
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*ēlaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɛː.lɑz/
eel
“…Uncertain. Possibly from a substrate. Kroonen 2013 tentatively compares *ēlō (‘awl’) and *alaz (‘awl’). Katz 2005 posits a possible Proto-Indo-European……”
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*lattō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈlɑt.tɔː/
board; plank; ledge; slat; bar; shelf
“……uncertain. Perhaps the origin is shared with Proto-Celtic *slattā (‘stalk, staff’), and both loaned from a pre-Indo-European substrate due to the limited geographical distribution and variation in the final consonant of the stem. Compare Spanish lata……”
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*adalaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.ðɑ.lɑz/
liquid manure
“……-dl- sequence or the internal Germanic Verner alternation. Likely old within Proto-Germanic but ultimately obscure; possibly substrate or areal in origin.…”
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*awjō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑu̯.jɔː/
wetland; floodplain, meadow
“……1988. The deeper origin of this restricted Germanic–Italic word is disputed: Beekes Beekes 1998 considers it an Old European substrate word, whereas Kroonen tentatively connects it with PIE *h₂ep- Kroonen 2013. See *ahwō for further discussion.…”
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*haglą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈxɑɣ.lɑ̃/
hail (the precipitation)
“……l (in a riverbed)’) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (‘pebble’). Beekes instead asserts that the Greek is of substrate origin, on the basis of its irregular variation and the suffix -ακ- (-ak-). Alternatively, *haglaz may be: Attested……”
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*haglaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑɣ.lɑz/
hail (the precipitation)
“……l (in a riverbed)’) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (‘pebble’). Beekes instead asserts that the Greek is of substrate origin, on the basis of its irregular variation and the infix -ακ- (-ak-). Alternatively, *haglaz may be: Attested……”
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*pōlaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈpɔː.lɑz/
pool
“……a-) From presumed pre-Germanic *bōlos, from virtual Proto-Indo-European *bel-, *bal- (‘bog, marsh’), which may be a European substrate term borrowed into multiple Indo-European branches. Potential cognates include Proto-Slavic *bolto (‘swamp’), Moder……”
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*bōkō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈbɔː.kɔː/
beech tree
“…From pre-Germanic *bʰeh₂ǵ-éh₂ from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵ-o-s (‘oak, beech’) but likely from a Northwest European substrate. Cognates are Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, ‘oak, acorn’) and Latin fāgus (‘beech tree’). Quentel 2018 notes that th……”
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*flahaną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɸlɑ.xɑ.nɑ̃/
to skin, flay
“……lók-e/o-, understood as a thematicized form with loss of the reduplication syllable. Beekes 2010 posits the possibility of a substrate root.…”
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*þahsuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈθɑx.suz/
badger
“……m a Proto-Indo-European *toskos (‘badger’), which Kroonen considers to be a loanword from some unidentified western European substrate.…”
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*askaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑs.kɑz/
ash tree
“……with -(V)n-, -i-, and -k- extensions, while allowing that the widespread European word may ultimately be a pre-Indo-European substrate loan; its inherited status therefore remains uncertain de Vaan 2008 Martirosyan 2010 Matasović 2024 Stifter 2024.…”
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*flaskǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɸlɑs.kɔ̃ː/
a plaiting-covered vessel
“……is less certain. Vennemann 1984 includes this among words of early Proto-Germanic vocabulary suspected of non-Indo-European/substrate origin.…”
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*ainijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ni.jɑz/
juniper, probably the common juniper or a closely similar coniferous shrub/tree
“……judging the stem *yoy-ni- to look non-Indo-European; Matasović likewise regards the western distribution as suggestive of a substrate loan rather than inherited PIE vocabulary. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 reconstructs Proto-Germanic *ainja- from pre-German……”
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*tiną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈti.nɑ̃/
tin (metal)
“……); see Sanskrit दीप् (dīp, ‘to blaze, glow’) for more. Another theory takes the word as a borrowing from a pre-Indo-European substrate of western Europe, based on the tin bronze technology of the area in pre-Indo-European times. Likely related to Old……”
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*aflaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑɸ.lɑz/
hearth; forge-hearth
“……em comparison is less secure. (Wachter Wachter 1997 gives good reason to doubt the existence of an l/n heteroclite class.) A substrate or technical Wanderwort origin is also possible.…”
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*bautaną
verb · Strong class 7b · /ˈbɑu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to beat, knock, bump, push
“……fūtō ‘to strike’, fūstis ‘club’, though the extra-Germanic comparison is formally uncertain and may point instead to an old substrate root.…”
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*haliþaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑ.li.θɑz/
hero
“……d’), Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, ‘bud’). Kroonen, comparing Old Irish caur (‘warrior, hero’), reconstructs a quasi-Indo-European substrate term *karut- from which both the Celtic and Germanic borrowed from (note that the Celtic descendant of this root, *……”
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*gerstō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɣer.stɔː/
barley
“……ar sound correspondences (especially the Greek, which requires a root of the shape *ǵʰreydʰ-), probably of non-Indo-European substrate or Wanderwort origin. If indeed Indo-European in origin, the root would seem to be *ǵʰers- (‘to be stiff’) (compare……”
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*sūliz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈsuː.liz/
beam, post
“……ῠ́λον (xŭ́lon, ‘wood’) often compared. Beekes supports this comparison, but considers the words to be borrowed from a common substrate, rather than inherited from Proto-Indo-European. Note also Proto-Germanic *sulī (‘balk, bar, sill’).…”
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*habukaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑ.βu.kɑz/
hawk
“……Latin capys, capus (‘bird of prey’) and Albanian gabonjë (‘eagle, griffon vulture, hawk’), themselves of unknown and likely substrate origin. If the Slavic cognate is a native formation, the Germanic may have been borrowed from it at an early stage……”