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*akraną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑk.rɑ.nɑ̃/
fruit of a tree, especially a nut or other mast such as an acorn
“……to Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros. The formation may originally have denoted an individual fruit or berry. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *agronā, reflected in Welsh aeron; the Celtic form probably represents a collective in *-on-eh₂. Lithuanian úoga, Latv……”
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*fanją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɸɑn.jɑ̃/
fen, marsh, swamp
“……wamp, wet ground’), an o-grade form of root *pen- (‘water, mud, marsh’). Cognate with Old Prussian pannean (‘bog’) and Proto-Celtic *ɸenos (‘water; > Old/Middle Irish en’). The broader comparison is best regarded as a Northwestern Indo-European wetla……”
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*hrōtą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈxrɔː.tɑ̃/
roof
“……to-Indo-European *kerd- (‘to cut (wood)? > to craft?’); compare Proto-Slavic *korda (‘pile of logs’), and perhaps also Proto-Celtic *kerdā (‘craft, skill’) and Ancient Greek κέρδος (kérdos, ‘profit’). Has also been compared to Old Armenian խրճիթ (xrč……”
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*slībaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈsliː.βɑ.nɑ̃/
to split
“……). For the semantics, compare Proto-Germanic *slīpaną (‘to whet, sharpen’), Old High German slīman (‘to make smooth’), Proto-Celtic *limāti (‘to polish, sharpen’) and Latin līma (‘carpenter's file’), from extensions of the same root.…”
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*pakkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈpɑk.kɔːː/
bundle; pack; package
“……its restriction to western branches of Indo-European. Said relatives include Middle Welsh beich (‘load, cargo’) (from Proto-Celtic *baskis (‘bundle, load’)), Latin bāiulus (‘porter, carrier’), and perhaps fascis (‘bundle’), Ancient Greek φάκελος (ph……”
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*Askaburgiją
proper noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑs.kɑ.ˌbur.ɣi.jɑ̃/
Asciburgium, a fortress constructed by the Romans on the present-day boundary between Moers and Duisburg.
“……ond constituent *burgz continues an inherited zero-grade formation from Proto-Indo-European root *bʰergʰ-, with close Proto-Celtic brig-; the development toward ‘fortified place, town’ is shared especially by Germanic and Continental Celtic van Slui……”
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*dwalaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈdwɑ.lɑz/
confused, stunned
“……possibly related to dʰewh₂- (‘smoke, mist, haze’). Possible cognates are Ancient Greek θολός (tholós, ‘mud, dirt’) and Proto-Celtic *dallos (‘blind’) Orel 2003. Related to *dulaz (‘confused, stunned, foolish, misled, mad’) and *dwaljaną (‘to be confu……”
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*ehwaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈe.xʷɑz/
horse
“……derivation of the adjective *h₁éḱ-u-s (‘quick, swift) Kloekhorst 2008. Cognates are Proto-Balto-Slavic éśwāˀ (‘mare’), Proto-Celtic ekʷos (‘horse’), Latin equus (‘horse, steed’), and Ancient Greek ἵππος (hippos, ‘horse, mare’). Already archaic, it wa……”
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*lēkijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈlɛː.ki.jɑz/
doctor, physician
“…Uncertain; possibly from *lēkiz (‘healing; medicine; healer’) + *-jaz, or borrowed from Proto-Celtic *leigis (‘healer’) of the same root. Perhaps also from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (‘to collect, gather’), and thus rela……”
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*rattaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈrɑt.tɑz/
rat
“……does not exist. In view of Welsh rhathu (‘to scrape; to chafe’) (via Proto-Brythonic *rėθid and earlier *ratteti from Proto-Celtic *rasdeti (‘to scrape; to scratch’), cognate with Latin rādō (‘to scrape’)), an ancient Celtic derivative noun like *ra……”
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*plōgaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈplɔː.ɣɑz/
plough
“…Of disputed origin. Possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸlowyos, *ɸlowī (‘rudder’), from Proto-Indo-European *plów-yo-s (‘ship’), from the root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’).……”
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*brōks
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈbrɔːks/
crotch; rear end, rump, hindquarters
“…Uncertain. There is a similar word in Proto-Celtic, *brākā (‘trousers, breeches’) see van Sluis, et al. 2023 and the Celts were especially known for having worn trousers……”
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*Audarīks
proper noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɑu̯.ðɑ.ˌriːks/
a male given name
“……us, confirming an early Germanic formation Förstemann 1900. The second element *rīks was borrowed in pre-Germanic from Proto-Celtic *rīxs ~ *rīχs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs Koch 2020 Kroonen 2013.…”
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*kaflaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈkɑɸ.lɑz/
jaw
“……ad’), from *kap- (‘head’). Perhaps also cognate with Proto-Slavic *žьvàti (‘to chew’) (whence Serbo-Croatian žvakati), Proto-Celtic *gobbos (‘muzzle, snout’) (whence Middle Irish gop). See also Proto-Slavic *zȍbь (‘fodder’).…”
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*farwaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɸɑr.wɑz/
colored, colorful
“……n color, having dark spots’), Albanian prënjkë (‘freckle, sunspot’), Sanskrit पृश्नि (pṛ́śni, ‘striped, spotted’), and Proto-Celtic *ɸerkos (‘speckled’). Related to *farwō (‘color’).…”
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*wilþijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈwil.θi.jɑz/
wild
“……roto-Indo-European *welt-yo-s (‘wild, savage’) (though Matasovic reconstructs the root as *gʷʰel-t-), and cognate with Proto-Celtic *gʷeltis (‘wild; mad’) (Welsh gwyllt (‘wild’), Irish gealt (‘lunatic’)). Kroonen additionally suggests that the root i……”
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*Albigaizaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑl.βi.ˌɣɑi̯.zɑz/
a male given name, composed of the name-elements ‘elf’ and ‘spear’
“……*h₂elbʰós Orel 2003, while *gaizaz continues PIE *ǵʰoysós, derived from *ǵʰey-; compare Sanskrit हेषस्, Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀, Proto-Celtic *gayso-, and possibly Ancient Greek χαῖος Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2009a.…”
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*firi-
prefix · /ˈɸi.ri/
around
“……’), Latin per, (‘through, by means of; throughout, during’), Old Church Slavonic prě-, Old Prussian per-, (‘through’), Proto-Celtic *ɸeri- (‘around, peri-’), and Albanian për (‘for, through’).…”
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*bukkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbuk.kɑz/
buck
“……2013: pre-Germanic *bukō ~ *bukkaz < Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-ōn ~ *bʰug-n-ós, from root *bʰuǵ- (‘goat, buck, ram’). Proto-Celtic *bukkos (‘goat’) is likely a loan from Matasović 2009a. Cognate with Old Armenian բուծ (buc, ‘lamb’), Persian بز (boz,……”
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*ainaz
numeral · /ˈɑi̯.nɑz/
one
“……geal as *ói- and treats *óy-no- as an exclusive ‘single one’ formation, later generalized as the ordinary numeral in Italic, Celtic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Cognates include Old Latin oinos > Latin ūnus, Proto-Celtic *oino……”
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*anþą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑn.θɑ̃/
breath
“……erivative *anþijaną Seebold 1970. The root is also reflected in Sanskrit अनिति, Ancient Greek ἄνεμος, Latin anima, and Proto-Celtic *anatlā Matasović 2009a Rix et al. 2001.…”
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*-īnaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /iː.nɑz/
like modern English “-en”; forms adjectives of material from nouns, meaning 'made of (noun)'; forms adjectives or…
“……he suffix can be seen in a broader Indo-European *-ī-no- type, with cognates such as Latin -īnus, Ancient Greek -ινος, Proto-Celtic *īnos, Proto-Slavic *-inъ, and Sanskrit -ईन Krahe & Meid 1969 Repanšek 2016.…”
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*bōþō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈbɔː.θɔː/
building, hut
“……he full grade *bʰewH- form of bʰuH- (‘to be, become, grow, appear’), which has been reconstructed on the basis of Italic and Celtic preterite and subjunctive stems, see Rix et al. 2001 and Wodtko et al. 2008) + *-téh₂ (forms nouns representing a stat……”
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*farą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸɑ.rɑ̃/
a means of passing, ford, ferry
“……*por-o-m, from an o-grade form of root *per- (‘to go through; to carry forth, fare; to try, dare, risk’). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *ɸoros (‘edge, limit, boundary; shore, coast, bank’), Ancient Greek πόρος (póros, ‘a means of passage, passageway, wa……”
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*blēwaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈblɛː.wɑz/
blue
“……ncile the vowels of the Proto-Germanic word with Latin flāvus (‘blond, yellow’), which is likely cognate; compare also Proto-Celtic *blāwos (‘yellow’). It is uncertain whether this root is related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰel- (‘to blaze; glow; brigh……”