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*hukkōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈxuk.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to squat, sit hunched, cower
“……o-European *kewk- (‘to bend, curve, elevate’). The strong verb *hūkaną was likely back-formed from the iterative. Related to Sanskrit कुचति (kucáti, ‘to make crooked’), Lithuanian kaũkas (‘lump’), Proto-Slavic *kukati ~ Proto-Slavic *kučati (‘to squa……”
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*nataz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈnɑ.tɑz/
wet
“……d- (‘wet’), which Kroonen tentatively considers a deverbal root from *unod-o-, ultimately from *wed- (‘water’). Cognate with Sanskrit उन्द् (und, ‘to wet, well up, moisten’), whence उनत्ति (unátti); compare also Ancient Greek νοτερός (noterós, ‘damp,……”
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*titrōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈti.trɔː.nɑ̃/
to tremble, shake
“……> "to tremble"), whence also Proto-Germanic *trudaną (‘to tread’). Cognate with Ancient Greek διδράσκω (didráskō, ‘to run’), Sanskrit दरिद्रत् (dáridrat, ‘to wander’). Alternatively, onomatopoeic.…”
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*aigô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ɣɔːː/
owner, possessor; one who owns or has control over something
“……-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ-, especially the reduplicated stative/perfect formation behind Germanic *aiganą; compare the root with Sanskrit ईष्टे, and Tocharian B aik- Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001 Mallory & Adams 1997 Watkins 2011. Also related to *aigǭ.…”
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*brōþēr
noun · masculine · r-stem · /ˈbrɔː.θɛːr/
brother
“……(‘brother’), Old Irish bráthair (‘brother, cousin, kinsman’), Attic Greek φρᾱ́τηρ (phrā́tēr, ‘clansmen, kinsman, citizen’), Sanskrit भ्रातृ (bhrā́tṛ, ‘brother, kinsman, relative, cousin’), Latin frater (‘brother, male friend, lover, sibling’), and T……”
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*draugaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈdrɑu̯.ɣɑz/
phantom (mirage), ghost, revenant; demon, troll, ghoul
“…From Proto-Indo-European *dʰrówgʰ-o-s (‘a deception, falsehood, lie’) from root *dʰrewgʰ- (‘to deceive’). Cognates are Sanskrit द्रोघ (drógha, ‘deceitful, untrue, misleading’) and Old Persian 𐎭𐎼𐎢𐎩𐎴 (d-r-u-j-n /draujanaʰ/, ‘deceitful, full of……”
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*waþwô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈwɑ.θwɔːː/
calf
“…Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *uH-two- from a root Proto-Indo-European *weH-, from which Sanskrit ऊरु (ūrú-, ‘calf’) could also be derived. Probably not related to Latin vatius (‘bent outward’) and Latin vatāx (‘ha……”
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*-samaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /sɑ.mɑz/
forms adjectives, especially from nouns and abstract nouns, meaning ‘having the character of X, characterized by X,…
“……-grade derivative of *sem- Kroonen 2013. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic самъ, Proto-Celtic *somos, Ancient Greek ὁμός, and Sanskrit सम.…”
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*fijāną
verb · Weak class 3 · /ˈɸi.jɑː.nɑ̃/
to hate
“……om the zero-grade of root *peh₁- (‘to hate, revile, hurt’). Continued in Proto-Germanic as a Class 3 weak verb. Cognate with Sanskrit पीयति (pī́yati, ‘to blame, revile, deride’). Related to *fijandz (‘enemy, fiend’).…”
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*grīsaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈɣriː.sɑ.nɑ̃/
to shudder, to shake
“……to-Indo-European *gʰrey- (‘to smear, paint’) and compares Ancient Greek χρῑ́ω (khrī́ō, ‘to smear, anoint’). However, compare Sanskrit हर्षति (harṣati, ‘to become on edge, nervous’), which is from *ǵʰers- (‘surprised, stiff’).…”
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*trabō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈtrɑ.βɔː/
fringe (decorative border)
“…Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *drapati, Sanskrit द्रापि (drāpi, ‘garment, mantle’), and Ancient Greek δρέπω (drépō, ‘to pluck, tear off’). Also compare Old Norse tre……”
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*-iþō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /i.θɔː/
-ness, -th, -ity; forms feminine abstract nouns, chiefly from adjectives, denoting a quality, state, or condition
“……-European *-é-teh₂, an abstract-noun suffix used especially with adjectives, from the dental abstract suffix *-teh₂. Compare Sanskrit नग्नता with -átā reflecting the same *-é-teh₂-type. The suffix remained productive in Proto-Germanic and competed wi……”
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*duttaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈdut.tɑz/
wisp; tuft of grass or grain
“……Orel 2003 derives this from *dʰewh₂- (‘smoke, mist, haze’). Torp, et al. (1909), comparing the reduplicated form from Vedic Sanskrit दूधित (dū́dhita, ‘troubled, perplexed, disturbed’), specifically derives this from a similar reduplicated base, *dʰu……”
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*fertaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈɸer.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to break wind, fart
“……Albanian pjerdh (‘to fart’), Lithuanian pérsti (‘to fart’), Ancient Greek πέρδομαι (pérdomai, ‘to fart; to break wind’), and Sanskrit पर्दते (párdate, ‘to fart’). A strong verb companion to iterative *fartōną (‘to fart’).…”
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*aikulaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ku.lɑz/
frightened, terrified, overcome with fear
“……velopment ‘agitated, violently moved’ → ‘excited, trembling’ → ‘frightened, terrified’ Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Compare Sanskrit एजति. Related to *aikijaną.…”
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*bukkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈbuk.kɔːː/
alternative form of *bukkaz (“buck”)
“……an from Matasović 2009a. Cognate with Old Armenian բուծ (buc, ‘lamb’), Persian بز (boz, ‘goat’), Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀 (būza, ‘ram’), Sanskrit बुख (bukha, ‘male goat’).…”
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*firstiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɸir.stiz/
ridgepole
“……th₂-i-s ~ *pr̥-sth₂-éy-s from *per- (‘before, in front’) + *steh₂- (‘to stand (up)’), formulated as an i-stem. Cognate with Sanskrit पृष्ठ (pṛṣṭhá, ‘back’) (Mayrhofer 1996), Proto-Balto-Slavic *pírštan (‘finger’), Ancient Greek παραστᾰ́ς (parastắs,……”
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*springaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈspriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/
to spring, to jump up
“……ʰ- (‘to move energetically, hurry, spring’). Compare Ancient Greek σπέρχω (spérkhō, ‘to set in rapid motion, haste, hurry’), Sanskrit स्पृहयति (spṛháyati, ‘to be eager’), Albanian shpërthej (‘to pop open, puncture, lance, make explode, blow up’), Lit……”
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*hamaraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑ.mɑ.rɑz/
hammer
“…Traditionally treated as derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱmō (‘stone’) (compare Sanskrit अश्मन् (aśman, ‘stone’)), from *h₂eḱ- (‘sharp’), via a formation like *h₂eḱmoros (compare Sanskrit अश्मर (aśmará, ‘s……”
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*aganą
verb · Preterite-present · /ˈɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to fear, to be afraid; to feel dread or emotional distress
“……terite-present verb, with singular *ōg- beside non-singular *ag-. Compare Old Irish ad·ágathar, Ancient Greek ᾰ̓́χνῠμαι, and Sanskrit अघ van Sluis et al. 2023.…”
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*aihtiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑi̯x.tiz/
possessions, property; goods or wealth held by an owner
“……m root *h₂eyḱ- Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The Proto-Germanic form reflects the generalized full-grade stem. Comparanda include Sanskrit ईशे / ईष्टे, beside ईश Mallory & Adams 1997 Rix et al. 2001 Watkins 2011. Related to *aiganą, *aigô, and*aigǭ.…”
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*dijōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈdi.jɔː.nɑ̃/
to suck, suckle
“……ld Armenian դիեմ (diem, ‘to suck, to drink mother’s milk’), Old Church Slavonic доити (doiti, ‘to breatfeed, suckle; milk’), Sanskrit धयति (dháyati, ‘to suck, drink; to suckle, nourish’). Related to *dēaną (‘to suck, suckle’), *dajjaną (‘to suck, suc……”
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*durą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈdu.rɑ̃/
big door, gate
“…From pre-Germanic *dʰur-o-m, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (‘door’). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *dwára (‘doorway’), Sanskrit द्वार (dvā́ra, ‘door, gate, opening, way’), Tocharian B twere (‘door’), Ancient Greek θῠ́ρᾱ (thŭ́rā, ‘door, entrance……”
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*karilaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈkɑ.ri.lɑz/
free man
“……onen 2013). Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (‘to become old, to grow’) and related to Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn), Sanskrit जरन्त (jaranta), Old Armenian ծեր (cer), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬙- (azarəṣ̌ant-), Tocharian A kwär-, Tocharian B kwär-, Hit……”
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*abraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑβ.rɑz/
strong, severe, exceeding, immense, great, huge, terrible
“……f the Proto-Indo-European heteroclitic *h₃óp-r̥ ~ *h₃ép-n- Johnsen 2005b Rieken 1999. Indo-European comparanda include Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Kloekhorst 2008 Watki……”