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*bangōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈbɑŋ.ɡɔː.nɑ̃/
to bang; pound; beat
“……expressive semantics, an onomatopoetic contribution cannot be excluded. Compare Old Armenian բեկանեմ (bekanem, ‘to break’), Sanskrit भनक्ति (bhanákti, ‘to break, split, breach’).…”
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*beraną
verb · Strong class 4 · /ˈbe.rɑ.nɑ̃/
to bear, carry
“……‘to pour; strew, scatter’), Old Irish beirid (‘to carry, bring; bear’), Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō, ‘to bring, bear, carry’), Sanskrit भरति (bhárati, ‘to bear, carry; support; maintain’), and Tocharian A pär- (‘to bear, carry off; take up; wear’).…”
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*brinkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbriŋ.kɑz/
hill
“……possible but uncertain. Possible cognate with Tocharian B prenke (‘island’), Irish braine (‘prow, front, edge, leader’), and Sanskrit भ्रंश् (bhraṃś, ‘to fall, deviate, decay’).…”
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*farzô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɸɑr.zɔːː/
bull; ox
“……Latin pariō (‘to bear, to give birth to’), Lithuanian perėti (‘brood’), Greek πόρτῐς (pórtĭs, ‘a calf, young heifer’), and Sanskrit पृथुक (pṛthuka, ‘boy; the young of any animal’). Related to * farsī (‘cow, heifer’) and *farzaz (‘bull, ox; steer’).…”
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*sanþaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈsɑn.θɑz/
true, truthful, correct
“……present forms of *wesaną). Particularly close cognates semantically include Hittite [script needed] (ašant-, ‘true, real’), Sanskrit सन्त् (sánt, ‘being, real, good’), Latin sōns (‘guilty’). Compare also *sundī (‘guilt, misdeed’), an abstract noun d……”
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*Albigaizaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑl.βi.ˌɣɑi̯.zɑz/
a male given name, composed of the name-elements ‘elf’ and ‘spear’
“……mately continues Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós Orel 2003, while *gaizaz continues PIE *ǵʰoysós, derived from *ǵʰey-; compare Sanskrit हेषस्, Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀, Proto-Celtic *gayso-, and possibly Ancient Greek χαῖος Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2009……”
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*duganą
verb · Preterite-present · /ˈdu.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to be useful, to avail
“……roductive’), a reduplicated stative of the root *dʰewgʰ- (‘to hit; produce; be strong, have force’) Ringe 2006. Cognate with Sanskrit दुदोह (dudóha, ‘to milk, milk out, squeeze out, extract; to yield, produce; to enjoy, take advantage of’). Related t……”
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*rukkōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈruk.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to move, move back and forth, rock
“……e-Germanic *Hruknéh₂-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (‘to dig up’). Cognate with Latin runcō (“to weed”, verb), Sanskrit लुञ्चति (luñcáti, ‘to pluck’). In addition to the above theory, Kroonen suggests a derivation from an unknown verb *……”
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*ūdarą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈuː.ðɑ.rɑ̃/
udder
“……c form in *-ur (< PIE *-r̥) having survived long enough to account for the North Germanic reflexes. Cognate with Latin ūber, Sanskrit ऊधर् (ū́dhar).…”
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*akaną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to drive or travel in a vehicle; by extension, to sail or navigate
“…From Proto-Indo-European thematic present *h₂éǵ-e/o-, from *h₂eǵ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγω, Latin agō, and Sanskrit अजति; the specifically nautical meanings developed within North Germanic from the broader sense ‘drive, convey, trav……”
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*farzaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸɑr.zɑz/
bull; ox
“……Latin pariō (‘to bear, to give birth to’), Lithuanian perėti (‘brood’), Greek πόρτῐς (pórtĭs, ‘a calf, young heifer’), and Sanskrit पृथुक (pṛthuka, ‘boy; the young of any animal’). Related to * farsī (‘cow, heifer’) and *farzô (‘bull, ox; bullock,……”
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*firi-
prefix · /ˈɸi.ri/
around
“…From Proto-Indo-European *pér-i (‘around’), locative of *pér- (‘through’) Dunkel 2014. Cognates include Sanskrit परि (pári, ‘around, round; about; against, towards’), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (pairi, ‘around, with’), Ancient Greek περί (per……”
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*anduraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑn.du.rɑz/
snowshoe
“……may have been influenced by association with it Kölligan 2025 Rix et al. 2001. Closely related nominal formations include Sanskrit अध्वन् < *h₁n̥dʰ-wen- and Sanskrit अध्वर < *h₁n̥dʰ-wer-, the latter probably reflecting an older sense ‘(holy) way, pro……”
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*aferą
adverb · /ˈɑ.ɸe.rɑ̃/
after, following, later
“……ngular of Proto-Indo-European *ap-eró-, a comparative/contrastive formation from *apó Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013. Cognate with Sanskrit अपर, neuter adverb अपरम्, Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀, Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼, and comparable Anatolian forms such as Lycian epre/i- Dunk……”
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*bukkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbuk.kɑz/
buck
“……an from Matasović 2009a. Cognate with Old Armenian բուծ (buc, ‘lamb’), Persian بز (boz, ‘goat’), Avestan 𐬠𐬏𐬰𐬀 (būza, ‘ram’), Sanskrit बुख (bukha, ‘male goat’).…”
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*ankijǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ki.jɔ̃ː/
a joint or articulated part of the body, especially the ankle or heel; probably also the nape of the neck
“……-stems and inherited feminine vowel stems were readily transferred to this declension Fulk 2018. Particularly close is Vedic Sanskrit अङ्ग; related formations include Sanskrit अङ्गुरि and Latin angulus, while Ancient Greek ἀγκών belongs to the closel……”
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*Agilaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.ɣi.lɑz/
a male given name; Egil
“……s the name with Proto-Indo-European *h₂éḱ-ih₂ ~ *h₂ḱ-yéh₂-s, from *h₂eḱ-. Compare Latin acus, aciēs, Ancient Greek ἀκίς, and Sanskrit अश्रि de Vries 1977 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Another possibility is a derivation from *agaz + *-ilaz, from PIE *h₂eg……”
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*burstiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈbur.stiz/
bristle
“……. Formed based on the oblique cases, given zero-grade form. Cognate with Latin fastīgium (‘peak, summit, top; sharp point’), Sanskrit भृष्टि (bhṛṣṭí, ‘spike, point, top, corner, edge’). Related to *bruzdaz (‘point, spike, thorn’), *baraz (‘awn; spiky……”
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*fetą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸe.tɑ̃/
step; stride; pace; gait
“……trace, vestige; way, path’), Scottish Gaelic feadh (‘extent, length; fathom’), Ancient Greek πέδον (pédon, ‘ground, earth’), Sanskrit पद (padá, ‘step, pace, stride’), and Latin oppidō (‘very, greatly, much’).…”
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*flehtaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈɸlex.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to plait, to weave
“……braid’), Old Church Slavonic плести (plesti, ‘to plait’), Latin plectō (‘to plait, weave, braid; to twist, bend, turn’), and Sanskrit प्र॒श्न (praśná, ‘basket-work, a plaited basket’). Related to *flahsą (‘flax’).…”
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*leusaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈleu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃/
to lose, to cease to have
“……. Outside of Germanic, related to Hittite [script needed] (lūri-, ‘loss of honor, disgrace’), Tocharian A lāwā- (‘to send’), Sanskrit लून (lūna, ‘to sever, cut forth, destroy, annihilate’), Ancient Greek λύω (lúō, ‘to loosen, liberate’), Latin luō (‘……”
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*-þwō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /θwɔː/
forms feminine abstract/action nouns from verbs, often denoting an act, state, result, or associated condition
“……*-twāˀ > Proto-Slavic *-tva, forming deverbative nouns of action, state, result, and instrument Derksen 2008 Matasović 2014. Sanskrit -त्व and Avestan 𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀 are structurally related members of the same complex.…”
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*aihtrōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑi̯x.trɔː.nɑ̃/
to beg, supplicate; to ask earnestly for something
“…Uncertain. Probably related to *aikaną and *aiganą, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ-; compare Sanskrit ईष्टे and Tocharian B aik- as root cognates Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997 Watkins 2011. The verb probably arose……”
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*anþą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑn.θɑ̃/
breath
“……nþą > Proto-West Germanic *uʀanþ > Old English oroþ and the derivative *anþijaną Seebold 1970. The root is also reflected in Sanskrit अनिति, Ancient Greek ἄνεμος, Latin anima, and Proto-Celtic *anatlā Matasović 2009a Rix et al. 2001.…”
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*ernustuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈer.nus.tuz/
seriousness; earnest; strength; solidity
“……(‘to reach, arrive at, encounter’), with semantic development ‘reach/meet’ → ‘encounter, clash’ → ‘attack, battle’. Compare Sanskrit ऋ॒ति (ṛtí, ‘quarrel, strike; attack) and Ancient Greek ἔρῐς (érĭs, ‘strife; quarrel (especially of battle)’). Possib……”