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*awiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑ.wiz/
sheep
“……t Germanic, though Kroonen reconstructs this sense already for Proto-Germanic Kroonen 2013 Ringe & Taylor 2014. Cognate with Sanskrit अवि- Mayrhofer 1992, Ancient Greek ὄῐ̈ς Beekes 2010, Latin ovis de Vaan 2008, Lithuanian avi̇̀s, and Cuneiform Luwia……”
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*-ndz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · consonant stem · /ndz/
forms masculine agent nouns from verbs, especially lexicalized substantives of the present participle, denoting a…
“……agent-noun class fully back into Proto-Germanic; nevertheless, the source is clearly participial. The suffix is cognate with Sanskrit -अन्त्-/-अत्-, Ancient Greek -ων ~ -οντος, and Latin -ēns~ -entis-, all from the same PIE present participial format……”
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*badą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈbɑ.ðɑ̃/
pressure; trouble, distress
“……d and derives *badōjan- (here *badōną) from it Kroonen 2013. The Indo-Iranian comparanda instead point to a long-vowel base: Sanskrit बाधते and Younger Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬌-𐬠𐬁𐬜𐬀 are analyzed as reflecting *bʰeh₁dʰ- or *bʰēdʰ-, with the wider relationship unc……”
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*brējaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈbrɛː.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to roast
“……daną (‘to warm, heat, broil; roast (meat)’), from the same root (with a resultative -dʰh₁- extension). Possible cognates are Sanskrit भुरति (bhuráti, ‘to palpitate, quiver, stir’), Ancient Greek πορφῡ́ρω (porphū́rō, ‘to heave, boil, surge up’), Latin……”
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*faraną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɸɑ.rɑ.nɑ̃/
to go, travel
“……t *per- (‘to go through; to carry forth, fare; to try, dare, risk’). Cognates are Proto-Slavic *pariti (‘to fly, glide’) and Sanskrit पिप॑र्ति (píparti, ‘to bring over or to, bring out of, deliver from, rescue, save, protect, escort, further, promote……”
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*gerstō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɣer.stɔː/
barley
“……ubstrate or Wanderwort origin. If indeed Indo-European in origin, the root would seem to be *ǵʰers- (‘to be stiff’) (compare Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati, ‘to bristle’)) with some extension *-D-. For the semantics, compare the synonym *baraz (“barley”; o……”
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*hradaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈxrɑ.ðɑz/
quick, hasty
“……th old age)’). Formerly derived from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (compare Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, ‘I swing, brandish’), Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, ‘(s/he) leaps’), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (‘puts, lays; moves’)), but the root codas (PGmc *d ~ *þ ve……”
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*alaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.lɑz/
awl; a pointed implement used for piercing holes
“……l-, but that analysis is not based on an independently established root; rather, it reflects the traditional segmentation of Sanskrit आरा and the PGmc forms. The relation of *ēlō could then involve a parallel feminine instrument formation, perhaps *h……”
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*angraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡrɑz/
weevil
“……avic *ǫgъrь and Old Prussian *angurgis preserve the associated worm- or snake-like animal sense, while Proto-Slavic *ǫžь and Sanskrit अहि continue the related PIE i-stem *h₂éngʷʰ-i- ~ *h₂n̥gʷʰ-éy- Furlan 2023 Kroonen 2013. The semantic development is……”
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*ansuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈɑn.suz/
deity, god
“……₂ems-/*h₂ens- Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Cognate with Hittite 𒄩𒀸𒋗𒍑 and Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásuš; compare Sanskrit असुर, a *-ro- derivative of the same u-stem Ginevra 2024 Kroonen 2013. On the traditional analysis, the semantic dev……”
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*arwaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈɑr.wɑz/
a scar; the healed mark left by a wound
“…From an inherited neuter s-stem, Proto-Indo-European *h₂/₃éru-s ~ *h₂/₃ru-és-. The direct Indo-European cognate is Sanskrit अरुस् Monier-Williams 1899, whose close formal and semantic agreement with the Germanic noun supports reconstruction……”
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*herzô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈxer.zɔːː/
pivot
“……Latin cardō (‘hinge’), Proto-Celtic *kerdeti (‘to put, move’), Ancient Greek κραδάω (kradáō, ‘to swing, shake’), and perhaps Sanskrit कूर्द् (kūrd, ‘to leap, jump, play’) and German scherzen (‘to joke, jest, frolic’). Orel instead derives the root fr……”
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*būaną
verb · /ˈbuː.ɑ.nɑ̃/
to dwell, reside
“……ly reformulate the verb partially or fully to a strong paradigm from a week one). Cognates are Latvian bût (‘to be, exist’), Sanskrit अभूत् (ábhūt, aorist of, ‘to be, become’), and Latin fuī (1st person singular perfect active indicative of sum, ‘to……”
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*-istaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /is.tɑz/
forms the superlative of certain adjectives
“……ectives was lexical and analogical and not fully predictable Fulk 2018. This suffix is cognate with Ancient Greek -ῐστος and Sanskrit -इष्ठ (which reflects the related PIE variant *-is-th₂o-) both forming superlative adjectives Meier-Brügger 2003.…”
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*bai
determiner · /ˈbɑi̯/
both; the two members of a pair considered together
“……nd neuter *bō, parallel to *twai Dunkel 2014 Fulk 2018 Kroonen 2013 Lundquist & Yates 2018. Cognate formations include Vedic Sanskrit उभ, Lithuanian abu, Proto-Slavic *oba, Ancient Greek ἄμφω, Latin ambō, and Tocharian A āmpi; outside Germanic the st……”
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*-þrą
suffix · forms nouns · neuter · a-stem · /θrɑ̃/
forms chiefly neuter a-stem nouns denoting an instrument, implement, means, or sometimes a place/product associated…
“……ing one allomorph or the other Olsen 1988 Olsen 1999. Cognates include Ancient Greek -τρον, Latin -trum , Gaulish -tron, and Sanskrit -त्र, all forming instrument or abstract nouns.…”
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*akiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑ.kiz/
ache; physical pain
“……e/o- but admits that it could be from the ‘drive’ sense ultimately. A possible related Indo-Iranian i-stem is represented by Sanskrit आजि, Younger Avestan 𐬁𐬰𐬌, and Persian آز, though the relationship and the precise Proto-Indo-European formation rema……”
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*risiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈri.siz/
a giant
“……ρία (bría, ‘city, wall’)), or from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (‘hill, top’) (perhaps whence Latin verrūca (‘wart; hillock’), Sanskrit वर्स्मन् (vársman, ‘height, top’), Proto-Slavic *vьrxъ (‘top’)). However, this derivation is problematic as there is……”
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*aikaną
verb · Strong class 7a · /ˈɑi̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to claim, appropriate; to make something one’s own
“……ermanic. The semantic development is straightforward: ‘possess, have as one’s own’ → ‘take/claim as one’s own’. A cognate is Sanskrit ईष्टे Mallory & Adams 1997 Watkins 2011. Related to *aiganą, *aiginōną, *aigǭ, *aigô,*aihtiz, and *aihtrōną.…”
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*aistāną
verb · Weak class 3 · /ˈɑi̯s.tɑː.nɑ̃/
to respect, revere; hold in awe or esteem
“……Proto-Indo-European*h₂eysd-, probably through a stative present *h₂eysd-éh₁-ye/o- Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Cognate with Sanskrit ईट्टे and Old Avestan -𐬌𐬱 Cheung 2007Grestenberger 2016. Alternatively, Grestenberger derives the Gothic present fro……”
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*ankulaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ku.lɑz/
ankle; the joint between the foot and lower leg
“……semantic development was presumably ‘bend, angle’ > ‘joint’ > ‘ankle’. Close cognates include Latin angulus < *h₂eng-(e)lo-, Sanskrit अङ्गुरि < *h₂eng-ul-i-, and Proto-Slavic *ǫgъlъ, which Derksen likewise derives from *h₂eng- de Vaan 2008 Derksen 20……”
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*ardugaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.ðu.ɣɑz/
steep; sharply rising or sloping
“……942 analyzes this enlargement as marking a state or result produced by a preceding action. Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀρθός, Sanskrit ऊर्ध्व, Proto-Celtic ardwos, and Latin arduus Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Matasović 2009a. Garnier Garnier 2014a instea……”
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*buttaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbut.tɑz/
end; piece
“……s(‘bottom’). According to Kroonen 2013, the -m- had been dissimilated in the genitive already in Proto-Indo-European, giving Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna, ‘bottom, ground, base, depth, lowest part of anything’) and Latin fundus (‘bottom; farm; ground; foun……”
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*-þaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /θɑz/
forms thematic adjectives from verbal roots, usually with resultative, stative, passive, or lexicalized meanings:…
“……ectives; it was only secondarily incorporated into verbal paradigms as a past/passive participle. Cognate formations include Sanskrit श्रुत, Ancient Greek κλυτός, Latin -tus as in status , and Proto-Slavic *-tъ Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. The specific form……”
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*-þuz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · u-stem · /θuz/
forms verbal nouns, especially from inherited root verbs, denoting an action, process, result, state, or concrete…
“……Lehmann 1986a; compare *ferþuz and *furduz < PIE *pér-tu-s ~ *pr̥-téw-s. Cognates include Latin -tus -tus, Lithuanian -tus, Sanskrit -तु, and Ancient Greek -τύς, all forming action nouns.…”