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*austrōnijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈɑu̯s.trɔː.ni.jɑz/
eastern
“……Proto-Germanic cardinal direction adjectives. The base continues Proto-Indo-European *h₂éws-ter-ó-s, ultimately from *h₂ews- Kroonen 2013 Lühr 2017; the *-r- thus historically belongs to the directional base. Voyles Voyles 1992 analyzes the adjective……”
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*badwō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈbɑð.wɔː/
battle, fight
“……to Proto-Celtic *bodwo-/*bodwā-; compare Middle Irish bodb, badb and Gaulish personal names *Boduus, *Boduo-gnatus Koch 2020 Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2009a. The inherited wō-stem is confirmed by Old Norse bǫð, genitive bǫðvar, and Old English beadu, ob……”
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*auþuz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɑu̯.θuz/
easy, effortless; light, not difficult or burdensome
“……-being, enjoyment, and desire. Compare Sanskrit अवति, Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌, Old Irish con·oí, Ancient Greek ἐνηής, and Latin aveō Kroonen 2013 Visser 2024. Kroonen reconstructs the immediate preform specifically as *h₂eu-tu-; García Ramón García Ramón 201……”
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*ahwō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.xʷɔː/
stream, river, running water
“…Traditionally derived from pre-Germanic *ákʷā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷ-eh₂ Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Latin aqua < Proto-Italic *akʷā; de Vaan 2008. The deeper status of the etymon is debat……”
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*aiwukiz
adjective · i-stem · /ˈɑi̯.wu.kiz/
eternal, lasting forever
“……m a zero-grade form of root *gʷeyh₃-; related to *aiwaz. Compare Latin iūgis, Ancient Greek ὑγιής, and Avestan -𐬘𐬍- 𐬫𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬈 Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997 Weiss 1994. Þórhallsdóttir, as cited by Weiss, derives Germanic *aju- from analogically ge……”
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*atjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to cause or allow an animal to eat; to feed
“……ną¹ and an o-grade root. It formally reflects the Proto-Indo-European causative-iterative type *h₁od-éye/o- from root *h₁ed- Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Compare Sanskrit आदयति Monier-Williams 1899. LIV treats the Germanic (and Sanskrit) verb as an inno……”
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*beurą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈbeu̯.rɑ̃/
beer
“……ith PIE *bʰéus-o-m ‘yeast, dregs, ferment’, since both the semantics and the morphological pathway are less straightforward. Kroonen 2013 makes a strong argument against **beuzą, since the -z- would cause ʀ-umlaut in Old Norse, giving **býr; compare……”
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*algijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑl.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to feel nauseated; to feel like vomiting
“……base **alg-. Compare Old Norse ýlda and Old High German oltar; possibly also Lithuanian elmės, almens de Vaan 2008 Torp 1909 Kroonen 2013: 21). No secure Proto-Indo-European etymon can be reconstructed. Comparison with PIE *h₂el-, despite Ancient Gre……”
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*aljaz
determiner · ja-stem · /ˈɑl.jɑz/
other, another, else
“……ge Ringe 2017 likewise derives *aljaz directly from *ályos. Traditionally reconstructed as *h₂élyos Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013, though this would regularly yield Old Armenian **hayl rather than attested այլ Martirosyan 2010. Cognate with A……”
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*Anulaibaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.nu.lɑi̯.βɑz/
a male given name
“……Old Norse Áleifr, whose original -ei- is confirmed by early skaldic rhyme Fulk 2018. The second element belongs with *laibō Kroonen 2013, but in masculine personal names had the specialized sense ‘descendant, heir’.…”
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*artǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑr.tɔ̃ː/
a waterside bird, perhaps a wagtail or a small duck such as a teal or garganey
“……ion. The Germanic evidence does not permit a precise species reconstruction: Old English earte contrasts with Old Norse arta Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2020. Compare Ancient Greek ἐρῳδιός, with variants ἐρῳδιός, ἀρῳδιός, and ῥῳδιός, and Latin ardea; the……”
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*albī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɑl.βiː/
river, stream; especially the river Elbe
“……₂-, traditionally interpreted as ‘the white one’, possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *albʰós Bichlmeier & Blažek 2014 Kroonen 2013. Compare Latin albus and Ancient Greek ἀλφός; the river name was borrowed as Latin Albis and Ancient Greek Ἄλβις……”
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*aljamarkiz
adjective · i-stem · /ˈɑl.jɑ.ˌmɑr.kiz/
foreign, alien; a foreigner, one from another territory or country
“……the second belongs to PIE *mórǵs, whence also Proto-Celtic *mrogis, Latin margō, Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬀, and Persian مَرْز Koch 2020 Kroonen 2013 Weiss 2012.…”
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*angustiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡus.tiz/
narrowness, tightness; constriction
“……s is already Indo-European: compare Sanskrit अंहस्, Avestan 𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵, Latin angor, angustus, and Ancient Greek ἄγχω Bernard 2025 Kroonen 2013 Wodtko et al. 2008.…”
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*fleuganą
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈɸleu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to fly
“……-Indo-European *plewk- (‘to fly, flow, run; to splash, flap with hands’), an extension of root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’). Kroonen 2013 explains the -g- (rather than expected -h-) as resulting from interference with the iterative *flukkōną ~ *flugō……”
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*andijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑn.di.jɑz/
the endpoint or extremity of something, whether the front end or back end
“……rdingly reconstructs post-PIE *h₂antíos (‘in front’), with *h₂e > *h₂a after laryngeal coloring Dunkel 2014 Hoenigswald 1985 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The post-root accent accounts regularly for PGmc *d through Verner’s Law (*t > *þ > *d), while *-yo-……”
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*auknaną
verb · Weak class 4 · /ˈɑu̯k.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to grow, become larger
“……from PIE *h₂ewg-; compare Old Armenian աճեմ and Lithuanian áugti, while Latin augeō is an essive derivative of the same root Kroonen 2013 Kümmel 2011-2026.…”
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*ainalif
numeral · /ˈɑi̯.nɑ.liɸ/
eleven
“……Proto-Germanic *ainalif and *twalif), literally ‘one left over (after ten)’, parallel to *twalif (literally ‘two left over’) Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The second member is probably connected with *lībaną/*bilībaną and *lifnaną, from the zero-grade *li……”
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*anstiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑn.stiz/
favor, grace; affection, love
“……nnaną, whose stem alternation *ann- ~ *unn- ultimately continues Proto-Indo-European *h₃neh₂-; compare Ancient Greek ὀνίνημι Kroonen 2013 Mees 2022a Rix et al. 2001 Scheungraber 2010. The origin of the *s is disputed: *anstiz may contain an inherited……”
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*arbiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑr.βi.jɑ̃/
heritage, inheritance; patrimony
“……rough *h₃órbʰos to Ancient Greek ὀρφανός, Latin orbus, and Armenian որբ; compare Hittite 𒄯𒀊𒍣 Holopainen 2025 Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013 van Sluis et al. 2023 Weiss 2006.…”
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*armaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑr.mɑz/
arm
“……dary Armenian suffixation. The rare Classical Persian ارم continues the same Indo-Iranian word de Vaan 2008 Herzenberg 2011 Kroonen 2013 Martirosyan 2010 Schrijver 1991…”
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*alaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.lɑz/
awl; a pointed implement used for piercing holes
“……oto-Indo-European *h₁oh₁-ló-. It is generally connected with *ēlō, but the vowel alternation *a ~ *ē is not straightforward: Kroonen Kroonen 2013 alternatively derives *ēlō and *alaz from different stem grades of an inherited ablauting paradigm, with……”
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*-(i)slą
suffix · forms nouns · neuter · a-stem · /i.slɑ̃/
forms neuter deverbal nouns, originally denoting instruments or means; later also products, results, or actions…
“……er’s Law after the heavy root), from PIE *bʰoid-tlo-m de Vries 1977 Olsen 1988 and possibly *hunslą from PIE *ḱwen-(t)-tlo-m Kroonen 2013 Kümmel 2011-2026. An alternate form was *-slō (from PIE instrumental/collective *-sleh₂); compare *þinhslō from……”
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*aldiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑl.diz/
age, generation; a period or stage of life
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₂él-ti-s ~ *h₂l̥-téy-s, a proterokinetic ti-stem from the root *h₂el- Kroonen 2013 Markey & Mees 2014 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001. The Proto-Germanic -d- reflects Verner’s Law in the root-accented……”
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*aftai
adverb · /ˈɑɸ.tɑi̯/
behind; in back; at the rear
“……ve form *aft-ai was created to the newly reanalyzed stem, comparable in structure to *furai (‘before, in front’) Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013. Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌰 is the key direct reflex; it has often been treated as an error for 𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰, but Lehmann Lehmann 1986……”