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*ainijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ni.jɑz/
juniper, probably the common juniper or a closely similar coniferous shrub/tree
“……Matasović likewise regards the western distribution as suggestive of a substrate loan rather than inherited PIE vocabulary. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 reconstructs Proto-Germanic *ainja- from pre-Germanic *h₁oy-n-yo-, perhaps ultimately connected with an……”
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*arjaną
verb · Strong class 7 j-present · /ˈɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to plow; to till (the soil)
“……t *h₂erh₃-; root-final *h₃ was regularly lost before *y (Pinault’s Law), yielding the stem continued by Proto-Germanic *arj- Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001 Weiss 2020. Cognate with Old Irish airid, Lithuanian ariù, Old Church Slavonic орѭ, A……”
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*aizō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑi̯.zɔː/
reverence, respect, honor
“……om an otherwise poorly attested root *h₂eys- and possibly related to the d-extended root *h₂eysd- reflected in Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Since no secure non-Germanic cognate directly continues *h₂oys-éh₂-, the deeper PIE analysis re……”
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*blōþą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈblɔː.θɑ̃/
blood
“…Uncertain. Kroonen 2013 posits a possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-tó-m, a neuter collective noun from *bʰleh₃- (‘to……”
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*flataz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɸlɑ.tɑz/
flat
“……potential cognate in Slavic (e.g. Polish płaski (‘flat’)). This works for Proto-Germanic but poses issues for Balto-Slavic. Kroonen’s (2013) derivation from *pleth₂- (‘to spread, extend; flat’) requires a pre-Germanic geminate, **plottos < *ploth₂-n……”
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*butmaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbut.mɑz/
bottom; foundation
“…From pre-Germanic *bʰudʰ-m̥-ó-s from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰ-mḗn ~ *bʰudʰ-m̥n-és/*bʰudʰ-n-és(‘bottom’). According to Kroonen 2013, the -m- had been dissimilated in the genitive already in Proto-Indo-European, giving Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna, ‘b……”
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*warmaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈwɑr.mɑz/
warm (having a higher temperature than usual)
“……the root *gʷʰer- would instead have given rise to *ber- (‘to burn’) etc. (compare *banô < *gʷʰon-ō). A counterargument (e.g. Kroonen 2013) is that Germanic *w is in fact the usual outcome of *gʷʰ, citing uncontroversial examples such as *snaiwaz < *s……”
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*aldrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑl.drɑ̃/
life; the course or duration of one's life
“……etime; age’. A closely corresponding formation occurs in Proto-Celtic *altro-, preserved in Old Irish com-altar and mí-altar Kroonen 2013 Olsen 1988 van Sluis et al. 2023. However, the Celtic formation retains the root's ‘nourish, raise’ semantics, w……”
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*algiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑl.ɣiz/
elk
“……i-stem animal name ultimately belonging to the Indo-European family of words for deer conventionally associated with *h₁el- Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997. The Proto-Germanic form reflects PIE **ḱ > PGmc h, but North Germanic g beside West German……”
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*ainaz
numeral · /ˈɑi̯.nɑz/
one
“……an exclusive ‘single one’ formation, later generalized as the ordinary numeral in Italic, Celtic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. Cognates include Old Latin oinos > Latin ūnus, Proto-Celtic *oinos > Old Irish óen, óin and Middle W……”
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*aldijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑl.di.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to make or cause to appear old; to age
“……. The base *aldaz continues Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-tó-s, from *h₂el-, hence originally approximately ‘grown, fully grown’ Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The distinct sense ‘to delay, prolong’ is securely reflected in West Germanic. Compare Old English i……”
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*ainakjǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑi̯.nɑk.jɔ̃ː/
widow
“……widʰéwh₂: compare Old Norse ekkja, Old East Norse/Old Swedish ænkia, Old Danish ænkiæ, Swedish änka, Danish/Norwegian enke Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Whitehead et al. 2021.…”
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*alhs
noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɑlxs/
temple, sanctuary; sacred enclosure or place
“……’ word as originally a ‘protected place’, connecting the Germanic and Baltic sacred-place terms with the PIE verb ‘protect’. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 instead reconstructs a non-Indo-European *alk- and regards the connection with *h₂lek- as arbitrary. Bec……”
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*ambô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑm.bɔːː/
belly, abdomen
“……ng to root *h₃nebʰ-, with the *amb- traditionally explained as a Schwebeablaut/metathesized variant of *h₃nebʰ- de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013 Wodtko et al. 2008. The closest cognate is Latin umbō, which continues the same n-stem; compare also Ancient Gre……”
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*anguz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡuz/
narrow, tight
“……root *h₂enǵʰ-, probably reflecting earlier *h₂emǵʰ-; Hittite 𒄩𒈠𒀭𒆠 preserves the original *-m- before the dorsal Bernard 2025 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001 Wodtko et al. 2008. The old proterokinetic inflection *h₂énǵʰ-u-s ~ *h₂n̥ǵʰ-éw-s also……”
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*anadz
noun · feminine · consonant stem · /ˈɑ.nɑdz/
duck
“……flex of the syllabic laryngeal, while Fulk Fulk 2018 is skeptical that the etymon even contained a syllable final laryngeal. Kroonen Kroonen 2013, on the other hand, reconstructs a PGmc root noun *anaþ ~ *anadiz, deriving *anad- from a remodeled pre-……”
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*ansijō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑn.si.jɔː/
handle or loop, especially of a cup, bowl, or other vessel
“……huanian ąsà is a closely related ā-stem, while Old Prussian ansis and Latvian ùoss continue an i-stem *h₂ens-i- de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013. Especially close are Middle Irish éisi < *ansio- and Ancient Greek ἡνία, which Beekes Beekes 2010 derives from……”
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*allaz
determiner · a-stem · /ˈɑl.lɑz/
all; every member or part of a given set
“……-ln- > *-ll- (compare the parallel developments of PIE *pl̥h₁-nó-s > Proto-Germanic *fullaz and *h₂wl̥h₁-néh₂ > PGmc *wullō) Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The closest formal cognate may be Oscan allo, possibly from Proto-Italic *alnos< PIE *h₂el-no-, in w……”
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*angijō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡi.jɔː/
a low-lying meadow, especially in a valley or beside a river
“……nd’ → ‘valley, lowland’ → ‘meadow’ is strengthened by closely related Proto-Germanic *angraz¹ < *h₂enk-ró-s and Latin ancrae Kroonen 2013. Still, the deeper connection is not beyond doubt: Kluge Kluge 1899 regards the further origin of the Germanic m……”
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*aspō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑs.pɔː/
aspen; Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula)
“……rt, but neither its ultimate source nor the direction of borrowing can be established with certainty Derksen 2008 Jakob 2024 Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2024 Šorgo 2020. Witczak Witczak 1991 makes a compelling argument that Old Armenian ոփի comes from PIE……”
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*angulaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡu.lɑz/
hook, fishhook
“……. The formation was probably originally adjectival, ‘bent, curved’, and was substantivized in Germanic as ‘hook’ Erhard 2022 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The exact cognate is Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος, while Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬐𐬎 and Sanskrit अङ्कुश belong to related……”
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*ajją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑj.jɑ̃/
egg
“……anges remains debated, but the geminate is inherited from this specifically Germanic development Bichlmeier & Opfermann 2011 Kroonen 2013 Zair 2011. Cognate with Albanian ve, vo, Classical Armenian ձու, Ancient Greek ᾠόν, Welsh wy, Younger Avestan 𐬀𐬇……”
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*ananą
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɑ.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to breathe
“…From pre-Germanic *h₂énh₁-e-, a thematicized full-grade continuation of the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂enh₁- Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Germanic evidence is sparse: the verb is reconstructed mainly from Gothic 𐌿𐌶𐍉𐌽. Ringe Ringe 201……”
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*aiþaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.θɑz/
oath
“……arlier Celto-Germanic *oito-s (‘oath’), also reflected by Proto-Celtic *oito-s, whence Old Irish óeth and Old Welsh an-udon Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2009a van Sluis et al. 2023. The formation is traditionally derived as Proto-Indo-European *h₁óy-to-s,……”
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*dwergaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈdwer.ɣɑz/
dwarf
“…Uncertain. Traditionally isolated within Proto-Germanic. Kroonen 2013 derives the noun from a strong verb **dwerganą (‘to squeeze, press’), reflected by Middle High German zwergen (‘……”