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*gebaną
verb · Strong class 5 · /ˈɣe.βɑ.nɑ̃/
to give (with dative object)
“……gʰebʰ-e-ti, from *gʰebʰ- (‘to give, move’) (traditionally *gʰabʰ-). Cognate with Latvian gãbtiês (‘to snatch, grab, seize’), Lithuanian góbti (id.), Proto-Slavic *gabati (‘to seize, take’) and Sanskrit गभस्ति (gábhasti, ‘arm, hand’). However, some Le……”
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*knukô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈknu.kɔːː/
joint, bone
“……rom a Proto-Indo-European *ǵnu-gon-, itself potentially related to *ǵónu (‘knee’). The nature of the relation of the root to Lithuanian gniáužti (‘to close one's hand’) is unclear. Older theories derived the root from Proto-Indo-European *gnew- (‘a b……”
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*þullaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈθul.lɑz/
wooden peg or pole
“……s; knot; knob; trenail’), τύλη (túlē, ‘callus; hump; pad, cushion’), Proto-Slavic *tylъ (‘nape’) (assuming original “neck”), Lithuanian tulis (‘axle nail’) are promising but prone to coincidence. If related, the Germanic could be from *tuh₂-l-nó-s, f……”
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*ahtōu
numeral · /ˈɑx.tɔːu̯/
eight
“……hand)‘ = ‘fingers (without thumb)’. Cognates are Latin octō, Ancient Greek ὀκτώ, Old Irish ocht, Welsh wyth, Sanskrit अष्टौ, Lithuanian aštuonì, and Latvian astoņi Meier-Brügger 2003 Watkins 2011.…”
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*aukaną
verb · Strong class 7b · /ˈɑu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to increase, grow
“……oping secondarily. Cognate with Old Armenian աճեմ, probably from Proto-Armenian *awčémi < *h₂(e)ug-(y)e-mi Martirosyan 2010; Lithuanian áugti and Latvian augt Derksen 2015; and Latin augeō. The latest LIV² addenda explicitly includes the Armenian ver……”
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*anþiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑn.θi.jɑ̃/
forehead
“……*þ (compare related *andijaz < post-PIE *h₂antíos Ringe 2017 with oxytone accent). Cognate or closely related forms include Lithuanian ántis, Latin antiae, and Old Irish étan. The anatomical sense is also found in Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝, Hieroglyphic Luwian 𔐚,……”
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*ēdraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɛː.ðrɑz/
quick, speedy, prompt
“…Unknown. Kroonen 2013 compares Lithuanian otrùs (‘quick’) and Latvian ātrs (‘quick’) but considers them possible loans from. Van der Heijden 2018 reconstruc……”
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*gallô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɣɑl.lɔːː/
infirmity, weakness
“……ous’) (reflecting *ǵʰ(o)lH-ro-), from a root *ǵʰelH- (‘to damage, cause pain; to be bad, evil’) (compare Welsh gâl (‘ache’), Lithuanian žalà (‘damage, harm’) and Proto-Slavic *zъlъ (‘bad, evil’)), though this root is somewhat disputed. However, see a……”
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*waldaną
verb · Strong class 7c · /ˈwɑl.dɑ.nɑ̃/
to rule
“……g, hold sway’)), from which a Pre-Proto-Germanic iterative *we-wólH-dʰe-ti was derived, in which case it is close cognate to Lithuanian veldėti (‘to inherit, possess, govern’) and Old Church Slavonic власти (vlasti, ‘to rule’).…”
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*erbaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈer.βɑz/
wolverine
“……ἔριφος (érĭphos, ‘kid, young goat’), which could be a direct cognate Brugmann 1970. This would allow a loose comparison with Lithuanian er̃nis ‘wolverine’, an n-derivative of the same root Young 2001. Sometimes reconstructed as **erbô, but an a-stem……”
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*halbaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈxɑl.βɑz/
half
“……ge, succeed, be fit’) (though Kroonen is skeptical due to the wide semantic gap), or from a stem *ḱol-bʰo-, and cognate with Lithuanian šali̇̀s (‘side, strip of land’). Alternatively, a recent theory suggests borrowing from Proto-Finnic *halpa, *halb……”
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*harduz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈxɑr.ðuz/
hard
“……er, to espouse an alternative derivation from Strunk and Heidermanns from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (‘to cut’), comparing Lithuanian kartùs (‘bitter’) and Proto-Slavic *kortъ̀kъ (‘short’) (though he is not skeptical enough to offer this latter the……”
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*artijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑr.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to tease, taunt, provoke; to annoy or irritate
“……c cognate. The semantic development is ‘cause to shake, agitate’ > ‘provoke, irritate, tease’ Jamison 1983 Rix et al. 2001. Lithuanian ardyti and Proto-Slavic oriti are related Balto-Slavic comparanda, though not exact cognates Derksen 2008. Alterna……”
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*algijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑl.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to feel nauseated; to feel like vomiting
“……mally a Weak class 1 *-(i)janą formation from a base **alg-. Compare Old Norse ýlda and Old High German oltar; possibly also Lithuanian elmės, almens de Vaan 2008 Torp 1909 Kroonen 2013: 21). No secure Proto-Indo-European etymon can be reconstructed.……”
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*agalaitijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈɑ.ɣɑ.ˌlɑi̯.ti.jɑz/
licentious, wanton, shamelessly unrestrained
“……phonologically possible and semantically attractive if ‘released, unrestrained’ developed into ‘wanton, licentious’; compare Lithuanian láidyti, Middle Irish láidid, and perhaps Latin lūdō Rix et al. 2001.…”
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*apaliją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑ.pɑ.li.jɑ̃/
apple
“……n a former collective plural. Ultimately from the Indo-European apple word *h₂ébōl/*h₂ébl̥, cognate with Old Irish ubull and Lithuanian obuolỹs Wodtko et al. 2008 (for a full treatment on the Celtic cognates, see Stifter Stifter 2019).…”
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*-ō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /ɔː/
forms feminine ō-stem nouns from roots and stems, including concrete nouns, person nouns, and abstract/action/result…
“……e 2017. Cognate with Latin -a, Ancient Greek -ᾱ/-η (-ā/-ē), Sanskrit -आ, Proto-Slavic *-a, Proto-Celtic *-ā, and Latvian and Lithuanian -a, all with similar roles deriving feminine nouns from masculine ones and deriving abstract nouns.…”
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*fleuganą
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈɸleu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to fly
“……escape’), which would have been homophonous with the original pronunciation. Cognate with Latin plūma (‘feather, plume’) and Lithuanian plùnksna (‘feather; quill, pen’). Related to *fleugǭ (‘flying insect, fly’), *flugǭ (‘flying insect, fly’), *flugi……”
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*alhs
noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɑlxs/
temple, sanctuary; sacred enclosure or place
“……do-European *h₂lek-, with the semantic development ‘protected, enclosed place’ > ‘sacred enclosure, sanctuary’. Cognate with Lithuanian al̃kas and Latvian elks, together pointing to a Baltic-Germanic *alk- denoting a sacred or protected place. Its de……”
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*auknaną
verb · Weak class 4 · /ˈɑu̯k.nɑ.nɑ̃/
to grow, become larger
“……cted with PIE nasal presents, ultimately *-néh₂- ~ *-n̥h₂-. The base derives from PIE *h₂ewg-; compare Old Armenian աճեմ and Lithuanian áugti, while Latin augeō is an essive derivative of the same root Kroonen 2013 Kümmel 2011-2026.…”
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*silubrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈsi.lu.βrɑ̃/
silver
“…Uncertain. Likely a Wanderwort of non-Indo-European origin. Compare Proto-Slavic *sьrebro, Latvian sudrabs, Lithuanian sidãbras, Latgalian sudobrys, Basque zilar, Proto-Berber *a-ẓrəf, Celtiberian silabur "money". A Semitic origin ha……”
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*ainalif
numeral · /ˈɑi̯.nɑ.liɸ/
eleven
“……uncertain, however: Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌹𐌼 (dat.) and 𐍄𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌱𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 point to *-lib-, while the closest external numeral parallels, Lithuanian vienúolika and dvýlika, suggest *-likʷ- from PIE *leykʷ- Ringe 2017. Related to *ainaz and *twalif. See also *-lif……”
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*fulką
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸul.kɑ̃/
troop, army
“……gós, from *pleh₁- (‘to fill’). Compare Latin plebs (‘common people’). Old Church Slavonic плъкъ (plŭkŭ, ‘army division’) and Lithuanian pulkas (‘crowd’) show f > p substitution, which simply could be a result of the word being borrowed before that so……”
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*arô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.rɔːː/
eagle
“……ognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῑς, probably from feminine *h₃r-n-iH-s, and related to suffixed Balto-Slavic formations such as Lithuanian erẽlis and Proto-Slavic *orьlъ Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2024. Proto-Celtic *eriro-, whence Welsh eryr, is traditionally……”
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*harjaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈxɑr.jɑz/
army
“……o-Indo-European *kóryos (‘war, troops’), from *ker- (‘army’). Cognate with Old Irish cuire (‘troop, host, company; muster’), Lithuanian kãras, kãrias (‘war’), Ancient Greek κοίρανος (koíranos, ‘ruler, commander, military leader’), Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎼 (k-……”