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*-umô
suffix · forms adjectives · an/īn-stem · /u.mɔːː/
forms a small, mostly lexicalized class of weak adjectives with comparative, superlative, or ordinal-spatial meaning
“……have been abstracted from ordinal formations such as those built to *septḿ̥ > *septm̥mós and *deḱm̥ > *deḱm̥mós Luján 2019. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 instead reconstructs a laryngealized preform *-mH-on-/*-m̥h₂-on- from PIE root *meh₂-, the same root in……”
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*daupijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈdɑu̯.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to dip (in a liquid), to immerse
“……which also *deupaz (‘deep’). This accounts for the -p- rather than the expected -b- if it were formed directly from the root Kroonen 2013.…”
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*dumbaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈdum.bɑz/
dumb, mute, unable to speak
“……robably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰm̥bʰ-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰembʰ- (‘to be stunned; to strike’). Alternatively, Kroonen 2013 considers this an adjectival derivative of *dimbaną (‘to fog, smoke’), with semantic shift ‘foggy, hazy’ > ‘dumb……”
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*asnō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑs.nɔː/
wage, payment; perhaps originally a harvest-share or remuneration for harvest work
“……ed to *azaniz and the inherited Indo-European harvest season word represented by *h₁ós-r̥ ~ *h₁és-n-; compare Old Saxon asna Kroonen 2013. The exact Proto-Indo-European formation is uncertain. Kroonen earlier reconstructed *aznō- from *h₂es-néh₂- Kro……”
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*airi
adverb · /ˈɑi̯.ri/
early
“……rb formed from the locative of an old r/n-stem *h₂éy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-en. Compare Ancient Greek ἦρι and Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆 Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013.…”
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*bandwijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈbɑn.dwi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to give a sign, to beckon
“…Kroonen 2013 considers this a factitive from *bandwō (‘sign’) + *-(i)janą(forms denominatives and factitives). From Proto-Ind……”
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*askǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑs.kɔ̃ː/
ash, ashes
“……ation in -g- Kloekhorst 2008 Martirosyan 2010 Yates 2022. Northwest Germanic *askōn- contrasts anomalously with Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉. Kroonen tentatively explains the divergent -sk- : -zg- by a pre-Germanic compound of *h₂ed- and *dʰegʷʰ-, but regards the pho……”
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*ammōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑm.mɔː.nɑ̃/
to irritate, bother
“……ue PIE nasal presents, with their durative or repetitive semantics arising when punctiliar aoristic roots were reformulated. Kroonen 2011a Kroonen 2012a Kroonen 2012c Kroonen 2013. The semantic development ‘seize, press upon’ → ‘trouble, irritate’ is……”
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*aftanē
adverb · /ˈɑɸ.tɑ.nɛː/
from behind, behind
“……r as *aft-er; *after itself continues a locative comparative formation *ap(o)-tero-, from Proto-Indo-European *apó + *-tero- Kroonen 2013 Watkins 2011. The suffix *-(a)nē belongs to the Proto-Germanic directional system, where prepositional/adverbial……”
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*agraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑɣ.rɑz/
flood, deluge; a rush or overwhelming body of water
“……re-Germanic *h₂(e)kʷ-ró-s, apparently from the uncertain Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ekʷ- (the same root for *ahwō) + *-ró-s Kroonen 2013. For loss of the labial, compare *lungraz < PIE *h₁ln̥gʷʰrós, *fingraz < PIE *penkʷrós (related to *pénkwe), and……”
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*aiwiskaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.wis.kɑz/
shameful, disgraceful; blameworthy
“……ेहस् < *n̥-h₂eygʷʰ-os-, literally ‘without fault’; both the reconstruction and its precise meaning remain somewhat uncertain Kroonen 2013.…”
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*angwāną
verb · Weak class 3 · /ˈɑŋʷ.ɡʷɑː.nɑ̃/
to be narrow, tight
“…From the stem *angw- of *anguz + *-āną, from an old Proto-Indo-European proterokinetic inflection *h₂énǵʰ-u-s ~ *h₂n̥ǵʰ-éw-s Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. A transparent deadjectival formation, thus literally ‘to be/become narrow’; for the deeper and dispu……”
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*auþijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑu̯.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to make empty or desolate; to lay waste, destroy
“……d into Proto-Samic *āvϑe̮je̮-, confirming the antiquity of the formation and its factitive sense Aikio 2024 Heidermanns 1993 Kroonen 2013.…”
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*blēsaną
verb · Strong class 7d · /ˈblɛː.sɑ.nɑ̃/
to blow
“……bʰleh₁-s-, an inherited Proto-Indo-European s-formation of *bʰleh₁- (‘to blow’). Traditionally analyzed as a sigmatic aorist Kroonen 2013; more plausibly, in view of its ordinary present meaning and comparison with other lexicalized s-stems, as an ol……”
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*duppōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈdup.pɔː.nɑ̃/
to dip
“……ated to the strong verb *dūbaną (‘to dive’), as well as *deupaz (‘deep’) and *daupijaną (‘to dip (in a liquid), to immerse’) Kroonen 2013.…”
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*anhulō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ̃ː.xu.lɔː/
a strap, band, or thong, especially one forming a loop or fastening
“……from root *h₂enk-, probably originally denoting a bent or looped object and hence a strap or thong Beekes 2010 Derksen 2015 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001. Ringe reconstructs the phonological preform as *h₂ánkulah₂ and notes that *anhulō be……”
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*aigô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ɣɔːː/
owner, possessor; one who owns or has control over something
“……e reduplicated stative/perfect formation behind Germanic *aiganą; compare the root with Sanskrit ईष्टे, and Tocharian B aik- Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001 Mallory & Adams 1997 Watkins 2011. Also related to *aigǭ.…”
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*elmaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈel.mɑz/
elm tree
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (‘mountain elm’). Kroonen 2013 regards the variant *ulmaz as evidence of an ablauting paradigm, most likely *elm ~ *ulmaz from an amphikinetic……”
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*faką
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸɑ.kɑ̃/
An enclosed or defined space; division; compartment; department
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ph2ǵ-ó-m, from a zero-grade form of root *peh2ǵ- (‘to fit, fix, fasten’) Kroonen 2013. Cognate with Ancient Greek πάγη (págē, ‘snare, noose, anything that fixes or fastens’), Latin pāgus (‘district,……”
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*angraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡrɑz/
weevil
“……nimal sense, while Proto-Slavic *ǫžь and Sanskrit अहि continue the related PIE i-stem *h₂éngʷʰ-i- ~ *h₂n̥gʷʰ-éy- Furlan 2023 Kroonen 2013. The semantic development is probably based on the resemblance of beetle larvae to small worms or snakes in appe……”
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*atalaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑ.tɑ.lɑz/
fierce, savage; grim
“……ial vowel: Old Norse atall favors *-ala-, whereas Old English atul and Old Norse ǫtull favor *-ula- de Vries 1977 Kluge 1899 Kroonen 2013 Orel 2003. Probably an adjective in Germanic *-ala- ~ *-ula- formed from the root underlying *atjaną¹. It is som……”
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*ansuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈɑn.suz/
deity, god
“……opean *h₂éms-u-s ~ *h₂m̥s-éw-s, a proterokinetic masculine u-stem traditionally derived from *h₂ems-/*h₂ens- Kloekhorst 2008 Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Cognate with Hittite 𒄩𒀸𒋗𒍑 and Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hásuš; compare Sanskrit असुर, a *-ro- derivat……”
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*-samaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /sɑ.mɑz/
forms adjectives, especially from nouns and abstract nouns, meaning ‘having the character of X, characterized by X,…
“……an adjective-forming suffix early on Ringe 2017. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *somHós, an o-grade derivative of *sem- Kroonen 2013. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic самъ, Proto-Celtic *somos, Ancient Greek ὁμός, and Sanskrit सम.…”
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*arwaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈɑr.wɑz/
a scar; the healed mark left by a wound
“……se formal and semantic agreement with the Germanic noun supports reconstruction of the word despite its limited distribution Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997 Orel 2003. Proto-Germanic retained the inherited alternation as nominative-accusative *arwa……”
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*drepaną
verb · Strong class 5 · /ˈdre.pɑ.nɑ̃/
to hit, strike
“…Since Proto-Indo-European *b (> Proto-Germanic *p) is only rarely attested, Kroonen 2013 assumes that this verb is a back-formation from *druppōną, iterative of *drabaną (‘to hew’), from root *dʰrebʰ-……”