-
*arnijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈɑr.ni.jɑz/
serious; vigorous, capable; secure, certain
“……han *a; this has been explained as secondary Germanic ablaut, but the formal relationship remains uncertain Heidermanns 1993 Kroonen 2013 Lloyd et al. 1998 Rix et al. 2001.…”
-
*Audarīks
proper noun · masculine · consonant stem · /ˈɑu̯.ðɑ.ˌriːks/
a male given name
“……nt *rīks was borrowed in pre-Germanic from Proto-Celtic *rīxs ~ *rīχs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs Koch 2020 Kroonen 2013.…”
-
*balluz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈbɑl.luz/
round object, ball
“……*bʰl-n-ós, ultimately from *bʰel- (‘to blow, inflate, swell’). Cognate with Latin follis (‘windbag, balloon’). According to Kroonen 2013, this was originally an n-stem (as preserved in Old High German ballo, German Ballen), and the North Proto-Germa……”
-
*bruzdaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbruz.dɑz/
point, spike, thorn
“…Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰr̥s-dʰh₁-ós (Kroonen 2013), a noun formed from a zero-grade form of root *bʰers-dʰh₁-e/o- (*-dʰh₁-forms resultative verbs from roots) from……”
-
*ailą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.lɑ̃/
fire; a blaze or fire as a substance
“……-m, an o-grade instrument/result noun from Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eydʰ- + *-tlo-m, the inherited instrument-noun suffix Kroonen 2013 Kroonen 2017. The development *aidlą> *ailą involves dissimilatory loss of *d before *l; compare the closely rel……”
-
*aljaną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃/
zeal, eagerness
“…Of uncertain origin. Kroonen analyzes the noun as a neuter formation in *-ana- and compares Hittite 𒄩 𒆷 𒀀 𒄿 / 𒄩 𒇷 < Proto-Indo-European *h₂l-oi-/……”
-
*akaną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to suffer a persistent or recurring pain; to ache
“…Of uncertain Proto-Indo-European origin. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 separates this West Germanic verb from the homonym meaning ‘to drive or travel in a vehicle; by extensio……”
-
*arbaidiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ðiz/
labor, work, toil
“……i-stem continuing a pre-Germanic *-ti- abstract of uncertain formation, belonging to the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erbʰ-. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 derives it from an unattested verb continuing an o-grade y-present *h₃orbʰ-óy-ti ~ *h₃orbʰ-y-énti, assoc……”
-
*Albigaizaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑl.βi.ˌɣɑi̯.zɑz/
a male given name, composed of the name-elements ‘elf’ and ‘spear’
“……ived from *ǵʰey-; compare Sanskrit हेषस्, Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬉𐬥𐬀, Proto-Celtic *gayso-, and possibly Ancient Greek χαῖος Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Matasović 2009a.…”
-
*dailǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈdɑi̯.lɔ̃ː/
part, portion, deal, division
“…A Proto-Germanic/Balto-Slavic isogloss, per Kroonen 2013. Derksen 2008 notes Proto-Slavic *dělo (‘deed, act; work, operation, activity’) from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-……”
-
*flakkōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɸlɑk.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to flutter
“……ndo-European extended root *plewk- (‘to fly, flow, run; to splash, flap with hands’), from root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’) Kroonen 2013.…”
-
*Agiþewaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.ɣi.ˌθe.wɑz/
a male given name; literally ‘edge-servant’ or ‘sword-retainer’, probably functioning as a heroic/warrior name
“……ther than *agaz, since Old English eċġ directly reflects *agjō, whereas *agaz lead to Old English eġe Bosworth & Toller 2014 Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The second element,*þewaz, is secure within Germanic, but its deeper PIE derivation is debated. Kroo……”
-
*abnijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑβ.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to perform, execute
“……e 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Johnsen 2005b Kloekhorst 2008 Watkins 2011. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 instead derives the verb internally from *aba- + **-nijaną, but this is less compelling since the suffix……”
-
*akaną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to drive or travel in a vehicle; by extension, to sail or navigate
“……the specifically nautical meanings developed within North Germanic from the broader sense ‘drive, convey, travel by vehicle’ Kroonen 2013 Orel 2003 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001 Seebold 1970. This verb is North Germanic only, with borrowings from Old No……”
-
*dailą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈdɑi̯.lɑ̃/
part, portion, deal
“…A Proto-Germanic/Balto-Slavic isogloss, per Kroonen 2013. Derksen 2008 notes Proto-Slavic *dělo (‘deed, act; work, operation, activity’) from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-……”
-
*dailiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈdɑi̯.liz/
part, portion, deal
“…A Proto-Germanic/Balto-Slavic isogloss, per Kroonen 2013. Derksen 2008 notes Proto-Slavic *dělo (‘deed, act; work, operation, activity’) from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-……”
-
*anduraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑn.du.rɑz/
snowshoe
“……ng and travel; Proto-Germanic *anduraz reflects a thematicized secondary full-grade formation *h₁ondʰ-ur-o-s. Kölligan 2025 Kroonen 2013 Martirosyan 2010 Rix 1970 Rix et al. 2001. The root is directly reflected in Doric and Arcadian Greek ἐνθεῖν and……”
-
*aluþ
noun · neuter · consonant stem · /ɑ.ˈluθ/
beer, ale
“…A neuter consonant stem of uncertain deeper etymology, usually compared with Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 notes that no generally accepted etymology exists. Bjorvand Bjorvand 2007 derives Germanic *alú-þ- from……”
-
*ahjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑx.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to think; to suppose, assume
“……tion is from a verb meaning ‘to graze, feed’, via the same semantic route as English “ruminate” (‘chew cud’ → ‘ponder’). But Kroonen’s Kroonen 2013 preferred reconstruction of the grazing verb as *aiwijaną makes a connection unlikely.…”
-
*aimaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.mɑz/
steam, vapor
“……to an otherwise poorly attested Proto-Indo-European root *h₁ey- of uncertain meaning, perhaps ‘heat, give off vapor/smoke’. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 takes Old Norse neuter īm as internal evidence for *h₁ey-, making the older derivation from *h₂eydʰ- muc……”
-
*andaswarō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑn.dɑ.ˌswɑ.rɔː/
answer, reply; a statement made in response
“……hat the Germanic meaning ‘answer’ preceded ‘swear (an oath)’, the latter developing from ‘answer before a court of justice’. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 reconstructs the noun as *swaro- but regards the deeper Indo-European etymology of the *swar- family as……”
-
*aferą
adverb · /ˈɑ.ɸe.rɑ̃/
after, following, later
“……cusative/allative neuter singular of Proto-Indo-European *ap-eró-, a comparative/contrastive formation from *apó Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013. Cognate with Sanskrit अपर, neuter adverb अपरम्, Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀, Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎼, and comparable Anatolian forms……”
-
*Albiharjaz
proper noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑl.βi.ˌxɑr.jɑz/
a male given name, composed of the name-elements ‘elf’ and ‘army; warrior’
“……*ker-; compare Old Irish cuire, Lithuanian kãras, kãrias, Ancient Greek κοίρανος, and Old Persian 𐎣𐎠𐎼 Beekes 2010 Kent 1989 Kroonen 2013 Shahbazi 1986.…”
-
*andiz
adverb · /ˈɑn.diz/
earlier
“……adverbial comparative built to *h₂ent- with *-is, the zero-grade of the inherited comparative/elative suffix *-yos- ~ *-is- Kroonen 2013 Meier-Brügger 2003. Proto-Germanic comparative adverbs regularly ended in uninflected *-iz¹ or *-ōz, the corresp……”
-
*bukkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbuk.kɑz/
buck
“…Likely an original n-stem, reanalyzed as an a-stem, considering the geminate -kk- Kroonen 2013: pre-Germanic *bukō ~ *bukkaz < Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-ōn ~ *bʰug-n-ós, from root *bʰuǵ- (‘goat, buck, ram’).……”