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*-(i)jô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /i.jɔːː/
like modern English “-er”; forms masculine agent nouns and personal nouns, often from the zero-grade of the base
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*-(i)jǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /i.jɔ̃ː/
forms feminine agent nouns and female personal nouns corresponding to masculine *-(i)jô (forms masculine agent nouns)
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*-lausaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /lɑu̯.sɑz/
Modern English “-less”, lacking, devoid of
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*-lif
suffix · forms numerals · /liɸ/
fossilized numeral-forming element found in Proto-Germanic *ainalif (‘eleven’) and *twalif (‘twelve’), originally…
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*-līkaz
adjective · a-stem · /liː.kɑz/
Modern English “-like, -ly”; forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of 'similar to, characteristic…
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*-lōną
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 2 · /lɔː.nɑ̃/
forms Weak class 2 verbs, often with iterative, frequentative, attenuative, or diminutive force; roughly ‘to do…
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*-mô
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · an-stem · /mɔːː/
forms mostly lexicalized masculine deverbal nouns denoting an action or state, its result or concrete manifestation,…
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*-naną
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 4 · /nɑ.nɑ̃/
forms intransitive fientive or inchoative verbs, usually with the sense ‘to become X, come into the state X’; often…
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*-ndz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · consonant stem · /ndz/
forms masculine agent nouns from verbs, especially lexicalized substantives of the present participle, denoting a…
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*-ne
adverb · /ne/
See *-(a)ne.
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*-niz
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · i-stem · /niz/
forms feminine abstract, action, or result nouns from verbal roots and stems
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*-nō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /nɔː/
forms feminine ō-stem nouns, especially concrete nouns denoting a body part, natural object, place, animal, product, or…
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*-ô
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · an-stem · /ɔːː/
like English “-er”; forms masculine agent and personal nouns, often from the zero-grade of the base, with the sense…
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*-ô
suffix · forms adverbs · /ɔːː/
like English “-ly” in function; forms adverbs of manner or quality from adjectives, with the sense ‘in an X way, X-ly’
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*-ō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /ɔː/
forms feminine ō-stem nouns from roots and stems, including concrete nouns, person nouns, and abstract/action/result…
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*-ǭ
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ōn-stem · /ɔ̃ː/
like modern English “-ess”; forms feminine agent and personal nouns, often corresponding to masculine *-ô or *-jô
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*-ōdaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ɔː.ðɑz/
forms denominal adjectives meaning ‘having, provided with, characterized by X’, comparable to English “-ed” in bearded,…
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*-ōną
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 2 · /ɔː.nɑ̃/
infinitive form of the weak class 2 verbal suffix; forms chiefly denominative verbs, with meanings such as ‘be X’, ‘act…
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*-ōniz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ɔː.niz/
forms feminine abstract or event nouns from weak class 2 verbs
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*-ōstaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ɔːs.tɑz/
like English “-est”; forms superlative adjectives, chiefly from regular a-stem adjectives (cf. the comparative suffix…
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*-ōzô
suffix · forms adjectives · an/īn-stem · /ɔː.zɔːː/
forms comparative adjectives, equivalent to English “-er” or “more”, with the sense ‘more X, X-er’, originally with…
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*-ōþuz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · u-stem · /ɔː.θuz/
forms masculine u-stem action/result nouns, especially from weak class 2 verbs, denoting the action, practice, process,…
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*-raz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /rɑz/
forms mostly lexicalized adjectives from roots, especially inherited Caland-system roots, usually with the root in zero…
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*-samaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /sɑ.mɑz/
forms adjectives, especially from nouns and abstract nouns, meaning ‘having the character of X, characterized by X,…
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*-skapiz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · i-stem · /ˈskɑ.piz/
forms abstract and collective nouns, especially from personal nouns, denoting state, condition, rank, relationship,…