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*awiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑ.wiz/
sheep
“……013 Ringe & Taylor 2014. Cognate with Sanskrit अवि- Mayrhofer 1992, Ancient Greek ὄῐ̈ς Beekes 2010, Latin ovis de Vaan 2008, Lithuanian avi̇̀s, and Cuneiform Luwian 𒄩𒀀𒌑𒄿𒅖, and Lycian 𐊜𐊀𐊇𐊙 Kloekhorst 2008.…”
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*anhulō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ̃ː.xu.lɔː/
a strap, band, or thong, especially one forming a loop or fastening
“……nkulós yielded *g in *angulaz Ringe 2017. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀγκύλη from the same feminine formation, and related to Lithuanian ánka, from the same PIE root Beekes 2010 Derksen 2015 Kroonen 2013.…”
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*aplaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑp.lɑz/
apple, fruit
“……d by *apluz; the exact Proto-Germanic inflection is uncertain. Cognate with Old Irish ubull, Welsh afal, Old Prussian woble, Lithuanian obuolỹs, and Russian яблоко. The suffix ablaut appears archaic, but the word's restricted European distribution ha……”
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*steubaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈsteu̯.βɑ.nɑ̃/
to fly or whirl about
“……about’), with the same metathesis from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic as seen in *stelaną (‘to steal’), and compares Lithuanian siaũbti (‘to dash about’).…”
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*agiþō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.ɣi.θɔː/
a harrow; a rake-like agricultural implement used for breaking up and smoothing tilled soil
“……eþjō- has been proposed because it would correspond especially well to Baltic *akētiā-, reflected in Old Prussian aketes and Lithuanian akė́čios, dialectal ekė́čios Kroonen et al. 2022 van Sluis et al. 2023, though Mallory and Adams Mallory & Adams 1……”
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*alizō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.li.zɔː/
alder (tree)
“……ingly favors a European substrate source. The noun belongs to an irregular complex reflected by Proto-Slavic *olьša, *elьša, Lithuanian alksnis, Latvian alksnis, and Latin alnus < *al-i(s)no-. The recurrent a ~ e vocalism, -s- ~ -is- variation, and a……”
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*argaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.ɣɑz/
unmanly; cowardly, timid; dishonorable, unworthy
“……ne formation has been interpreted as ‘one mounted/copulated with’, beside oxytone *h₃orǵʰ-ó-s Heidermanns 1993. Cognate with Lithuanian eržùs, aržùs and Hittite 𒀀𒅈𒅗𒊑; Russian ёрзать has also been compared but is less secure Frantíková 2022 Kroonen 20……”
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*bai
determiner · /ˈbɑi̯/
both; the two members of a pair considered together
“……, parallel to *twai Dunkel 2014 Fulk 2018 Kroonen 2013 Lundquist & Yates 2018. Cognate formations include Vedic Sanskrit उभ, Lithuanian abu, Proto-Slavic *oba, Ancient Greek ἄμφω, Latin ambō, and Tocharian A āmpi; outside Germanic the stem generally……”
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*akraną
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑk.rɑ.nɑ̃/
fruit of a tree, especially a nut or other mast such as an acorn
“……. Cognate with Proto-Celtic *agronā, reflected in Welsh aeron; the Celtic form probably represents a collective in *-on-eh₂. Lithuanian úoga, Latvian oga, Proto-Slavic *agoda, and Tocharian B oko may contain the same root, though they represent diffe……”
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*awidiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑ.wi.ði.jɑ̃/
herd or flock of sheep
“……neysen’s law, whereas Ringe & Taylor regard its relationship to West Germanic *awidī as unclear Ringe & Taylor 2014. Compare Lithuanian avi̇̀dė, which may preserve a related formation Wodtko et al. 2008, and possibly Classical Armenian աւդի, which ha……”
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*-þuz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · u-stem · /θuz/
forms verbal nouns, especially from inherited root verbs, denoting an action, process, result, state, or concrete…
“……e t- became a d- Lehmann 1986a; compare *ferþuz and *furduz < PIE *pér-tu-s ~ *pr̥-téw-s. Cognates include Latin -tus -tus, Lithuanian -tus, Sanskrit -तु, and Ancient Greek -τύς, all forming action nouns.…”
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*flauhaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸlɑu̯.xɑz/
flea
“……- (‘to fly, flow, run’), though possibly reformulated from *plóws-o-s from PIE *plus- (‘flea’; compare Latin pūlex (‘flea’), Lithuanian blusà (‘flea’), Sanskrit प्लुषि॑ (plúṣi, ‘a species of noxious insect’), Old Armenian լու (lu, ‘flea’), and Ancien……”
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*huppōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈxup.pɔː.nɑ̃/
to move up and down; hop
“……. Compare hobby, hub (with German Hubbel) and hump. Tentatively compare also Ancient Greek κύπτω (kúptō, ‘to stoop, hunch’), Lithuanian kuprà (‘hump’), and Old High German hofar, hofir (‘hump’). Possibly sound-symbolic; compare Proto-Finnic *hüp'äit'……”
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*feukaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈɸeu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to blow
“……from an extended Proto-Indo-European root *pew- with meaning of ‘to blow, breathe’. Evidence of such a root also comes from Lithuanian pū̃sti (‘blow’) and pūslė̃ (‘blister; bladder’) Derksen 2015, Proto-Slavic *puxàti (‘to blow, swell’), Old Armenia……”
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*anô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.nɔːː/
(male) ancestor; forefather
“……s of the underlying kinship family include Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒈾, Ancient Greek ἀννίς, Armenian հան, Latin anus, Old Prussian ane, and Lithuanian anýta de Vaan 2008 Martirosyan 2010 Olsen 2020 Serangeli 2020. Crucially, only Germanic securely attests a masculi……”
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*-niz
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · i-stem · /niz/
forms feminine abstract, action, or result nouns from verbal roots and stems
“……es and nouns, usually directly from full-grade verbal roots. Krahe and Meid Meid 1969 compare forms such as Sanskrit वह्नि॑, Lithuanian šlaunis, and Latin clūnis. In Proto-Germanic, direct inherited *-nis was fully productive only in Gothic. The suff……”
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*aistô
noun · neuter · an-stem · /ˈɑi̯s.tɔːː/
testicle
“……Norse eista need not continue an inherited PIE n-stem Kroonen 2011a Kroonen 2013. Cognate formations occur in Balto-Slavic: Lithuanian ìnkstas and Old Church Slavonic исто, for which Derksen reconstructs *h₂id-st(h₂)-es-/*h₂id-st-es-, indicating a c……”
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*arjaną
verb · Strong class 7 j-present · /ˈɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to plow; to till (the soil)
“……the stem continued by Proto-Germanic *arj- Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001 Weiss 2020. Cognate with Old Irish airid, Lithuanian ariù, Old Church Slavonic орѭ, Ancient Greek ἀρόω, and Latin arō. Kloekhorst Kloekhorst 2008 proposes that PIE *h₂……”
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*brestaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈbres.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to burst, break, sunder, split, crack
“……t *bʰrews- (‘break’). Possible cognates are Proto-Celtic *brestā (‘fight, combat’) Matasović 2009a and its many reflexes and Lithuanian braškėti (‘to crack, clatter, make a breaking sound’). Beekes 2010 also connects this root to Ancient Greek φάρσος……”
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*-þiz
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · i-stem · /θiz/
forms feminine i-stem abstract/action nouns from verbal roots, usually denoting the action, event, result, state, or…
“……accent was on the suffix, in which case the t- became a d- Lehmann 1986a. Cognates include Sanskrit -ति, Ancient Greek -τις, Lithuanian -ti, -tis, Proto-Celtic *-tis, and Proto-Slavic *-tь, all forming nouns of various types.…”
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*hlaibaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxlɑi̯.βɑz/
bread
“……be an early borrowing, since the word then apparently displays the effects of Grimm's Law. Compare Latvian klàips (‘loaf’), Lithuanian kliẽpas (‘loaf’). Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- is suggested as their origin, owing to the fact that the earliest fla……”
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*ainaz
numeral · /ˈɑi̯.nɑz/
one
“……Ancient Greek οἶος, while Sanskrit एक continues a parallel *h₁óy-ko- derivative; Baltic and Slavic forms are renewed, as in Lithuanian víenas, Latvian viens < *we-ino- and Old Church Slavonic jedinŭ < *ed-eino- Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Derksen 2008……”
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*-ô
suffix · forms adverbs · /ɔːː/
like English “-ly” in function; forms adverbs of manner or quality from adjectives, with the sense ‘in an X way, X-ly’
“……e was generalized to a manner-adverbial function. Compare Proto-East Baltic *-ā, reflected in the thematic genitive singular Lithuanian -o and Latvian -a, which Ringe Ringe 2017 connects with the same older *-e-ad formation.…”
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*aiþastabaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.θɑ.ˌstɑ.βɑz/
an oath formula; the prescribed wording of an oath
“……ond consituent, *stabaz, ultimately belongs to Proto-Indo-European root *stebʰ-, with cognates including Sanskrit स्तभ्नाति, Lithuanian stãbas, and Middle Irish sab Orel 2003.…”
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*aikwernô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑi̯.kʷer.nɔːː/
squirrel
“……c *aikwur- ~ *īkuraz-, from Proto-Indo-European root *wer-/*h₂uer- Kroonen 2011a Kroonen 2013 Seebold 1982. Cognates include Lithuanian voverė̃, Old Prussian weware, Proto-Slavic *věverica, Welsh gwiwer, and Latin viverra, suggesting an inherited IE……”