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*halbaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈxɑl.βɑz/
half
“……rigin. Possibly from a p-extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (‘to cut’) (through a sense “divided”), and cognate with Sanskrit कॢप् (kḷp, ‘to manage, succeed, be fit’) (though Kroonen is skeptical due to the wide semantic gap), or from a stem……”
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*artijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑr.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to tease, taunt, provoke; to annoy or irritate
“…Probably from Proto-Indo-European *Hord-éye/o-, the causative of root *Herd-. Vedic Sanskrit अर्दयति is the closest formal and semantic cognate. The semantic development is ‘cause to shake, agitate’ > ‘provoke……”
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*angô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡɔːː/
a bend or crook; a hook, barb, or projecting point
“……*angan- from an oxytone formation *h₂enk-ón-. The closest formal cognate is Ancient Greek ἀγκών; related formations include Sanskrit अङ्क and Latin uncus, reflecting the same semantic complex ‘bend, crook’ → ‘hook, projecting point’ Kroonen 2013 Ma……”
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*drangijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈdrɑŋ.ɡi.jɑz/
stake; staff; crutch; support
“……hold’). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *drǫgъ (‘bar, pole’, Ancient Greek δράσσομαι (drássomai, ‘to grasp, clutch’), and perhaps Sanskrit दृह् (dṛh, ‘to make firm, fix, strengthen; to be firm or strong; to grow’).…”
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*aþnaz/aþną
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑθ.nɑz/, / ˈɑθ.nɑ̃/
a year
“…Traditionally from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ét-no-, a *-no- formation beside the rare verbal base reflected by Sanskrit अतसि de Vaan 2008 Rix et al. 2001. Cognate with Latin annus, Oscan aceneis, akenei, and Umbrian acnu < Proto-Italic……”
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*aiwaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.wɑz/
long time, age, eternity
“……atic *h₂ey-w-o-s, created by remodeling the older ablauting *h₂óyu ~ *h₂yéw-, ultimately from root *h₂ey-. Cognates include Sanskrit आयुः, Old Avestan 𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎, Latin aevus/aevum, and Ancient Greek αἰών, the latter enlarged with *-on- Beekes 2010 de Vaa……”
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*hupiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈxu.piz/
hip, haunch, upper part of the thigh
“……econstructed in various ways. More at *kh₂em-, Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos, ‘hollow in the hips’), Albanian sup (‘shoulder’), Sanskrit शुप्ति (śúpti, ‘shoulder’).…”
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*-ō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /ɔː/
forms feminine ō-stem nouns from roots and stems, including concrete nouns, person nouns, and abstract/action/result…
“……is not the sole source of the feminine suffix Melchert 2014 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Latin -a, Ancient Greek -ᾱ/-η (-ā/-ē), Sanskrit -आ, Proto-Slavic *-a, Proto-Celtic *-ā, and Latvian and Lithuanian -a, all with similar roles deriving feminine noun……”
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*akraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑk.rɑz/
a field or tract of open land, especially land used for cultivation or grazing
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵros. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀒𐀫, Ancient Greek ἀγρός, Latin ager, Sanskrit अज्र, and Classical Armenian արտ Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Wodtko et al. 2008. The noun is often connected with PIE r……”
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*amsaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑm.sɑz/
shoulder
“……under recent analyses of early Greek vowel nasalization Höfler 2018; Kostopoulos 2025 Mallory & Adams 1997. Cognates include Sanskrit अंस, Armenian ուս, Tocharian A es, and Tocharian B āntse.…”
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*angustiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡus.tiz/
narrowness, tightness; constriction
“……the PIE root *h₂emǵʰ-/*h₂enǵʰ-. The shift from bodily constriction to emotional distress is already Indo-European: compare Sanskrit अंहस्, Avestan 𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵, Latin angor, angustus, and Ancient Greek ἄγχω Bernard 2025 Kroonen 2013 Wodtko et al. 2008.…”
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*feþlą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸeθ.lɑ̃/
leaf
“……e with Ancient Greek πέταλον (pétalon, ‘leaf of plant, flower, or tree’) and a case which shows the original geminate *-tt-, Sanskrit पत्त्र॑ (páttra, ‘leaf of a particular fragrant plant, or a particular plant with fragrant leaves; leaf of a manuscr……”
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*-hw
particle · /xʷ/
joins words, phrases, and clauses
“……014 derives the fuller PIE particle *-(s)kʷe ultimately from a fossilized verbal form of the root *sekʷ-. Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit -श्च, Avestan 𐬗𐬁-, Ancient Greek τε, Latin -que, Oscan -𐌐, -𐌐𐌄, Celtiberian -kue, and Old Irish -ch-, all meaning ‘a……”
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*aba-
prefix · /ɑ.βɑ/
combining form of *ab (‘away, off’)
“……the accentual history of Indo-European preverbs is, however, not entirely straightforward Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Sanskrit अप, Ancient Greek ἀπό, Latin ab, and probably with Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺; the Anatolian form without a reflex of the laryngeal……”
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*helmô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈxel.mɔːː/
handle, especially for steering a boat: helm, tiller
“……Proto-Indo-European *ḱél-mō, earlier *ḱél-mn̥, from the root *ḱel- (‘to cover’); equivalent to *helaną + *-mô. Cognate with Sanskrit शर्मन् (śárman, ‘shelter, protection’). However, the semantic connection is weak. An alternative theory by Kroonen l……”
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*amalą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑ.mɑ.lɑ̃/
hard work, toil, struggle; laborious or persistent exertion.
“……a- as probably primary, comparing Old Norse aml. The base may ultimately continue Proto-Indo-European *h₃emh₃-, cognate with Sanskrit अमीति, Avestan 𐬀𐬨𐬀, Ancient Greek ὄμνυμι, and Phrygian umnotan Beekes 2010 Obrador-Cursach 2021. LIV² alternatively……”
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*haliþaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑ.li.θɑz/
hero
“……to-Indo-European *kal- (‘hard’), see also Old Church Slavonic калити (kaliti, ‘to harden, cool’), Old Irish calath (‘hard’), Sanskrit कलिका (kalikā, ‘bud’). Kroonen, comparing Old Irish caur (‘warrior, hero’), reconstructs a quasi-Indo-European subst……”
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*mūlą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈmuː.lɑ̃/
muzzle
“……ompared with Ancient Greek μύλλον (múllon, ‘lip’), though the origin of the double λ is uncertain. Note also similarities to Sanskrit मूल (mū́la, ‘root’), which if related, would be interpreted as a "muzzle (for plants to drink water from the soil)".…”
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*armaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑr.mɑz/
arm
“……lly uncertain, since the Indo-Iranian and Baltic forms require an additional laryngeal in the nominal stem. Cognates include Sanskrit ईर्म, Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬨𐬀, Old Prussian irmo, Latin armus, and Old Church Slavonic ramo. Old Armenian արմուկն probably also……”
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*angraz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡrɑz/
lowland; a low-lying meadow or grassland, especially in a hollow or near water
“……₂enk-reh₂-, a closely corresponding feminine r-formation. The underlying root is also represented by Ancient Greek ἄγκος and Sanskrit अङ्कस्, formally s-stem derivatives of *h₂enk- and good evidence for the semantic development from ‘bend, hollow’ to……”
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*apô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.pɔːː/
ape, monkey
“……adoption of a non-Indo-European Wanderwort, subsequently inflected as the masculine n-stem *apan-. Comparable forms include Sanskrit कपि, Ancient Greek κῆβος (also κῆπος), Hebrew קוֹף, and Akkadian uqūpu, iqūpu, aqūpu Beekes 2010 Kroonen 2013 Šorgo……”
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*ammōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑm.mɔː.nɑ̃/
to irritate, bother
“……en 2013. The semantic development ‘seize, press upon’ → ‘trouble, irritate’ is supported particularly by Indo-Aryan: compare Sanskrit अम्, its present अमीति, and causative आमयति. Cognates reflecting the specialized sense ‘swear’ include Ancient Greek……”
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*armaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.mɑz/
poor, miserable
“……n of a form retaining the labial, parallel to Old Norse haustr < *harbistaz. Alternatively, comparison with Hittite 𒂊𒅕𒈠𒀭 and Sanskrit अर्मन् permits a reconstruction of *h₁or-mo-, but Kroonen regards the *h₃orbʰ-mo-s analysis as preferable.…”
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*atberaną
verb · Strong class 4 · /ˌɑt.ˈβe.rɑ.nɑ̃/
to bear or carry to; bring forward, bring to
“……*bʰer-e/o- is continued by Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽, Latin ferō, Ancient Greek φέρω, Old Armenian բերեմ, and Indo-Iranian forms such as Sanskrit भरति Rix et al. 2001. The Germanic compound is directly supported by Gothic 𐌰𐍄𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 and cognate Northwest Germanic……”
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*angazaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ɡɑ.zɑz/
worry, grief, anxiety; distress
“……/ 𒄩𒈪𒅔𒆠 whereas the familiar forms with *-n- characterize the non-Anatolian reflexes. Direct nominal cognates include Vedic Sanskrit अंहस्, Younger Avestan 𐬄𐬰𐬀𐬵, and Latin angor; compare also Ancient Greek ἄγχω and Latin angō from the same root de V……”