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*abniją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑβ.ni.jɑ̃/
material, substance, stuff; the matter or means out of which something is made or by which something is carried out
“……s *abnijaną a secondary denominative from *abniją, rather than the source of the noun Johnsen 2005b Orel 2003. Compare Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Kloekhorst 2008 Johns……”
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*abô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.βɔːː/
husband; male spouse, especially as the male head of a household
“……h/property’ > ‘male head of household’ > ‘husband’ is straightforward Johnsen 2005b. Indo-European comparanda include Vedic Sanskrit अप्नस्, Hittite 𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾, and Latin opulentus, all belonging to the same PIE *h₃ep-/*h₃op- complex Kloekhorst 2008 Watki……”
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*flauhaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸlɑu̯.xɑz/
flea
“……ough possibly reformulated from *plóws-o-s from PIE *plus- (‘flea’; compare Latin pūlex (‘flea’), Lithuanian blusà (‘flea’), Sanskrit प्लुषि॑ (plúṣi, ‘a species of noxious insect’), Old Armenian լու (lu, ‘flea’), and Ancient Greek ψῠ́λλᾰ (psŭ́llă, ‘f……”
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*huppōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈxup.pɔː.nɑ̃/
to move up and down; hop
“……nd, joint’). Compare Latin cubō (‘I recline’), Ancient Greek κύβος (kúbos, ‘hollow in the hips’), Albanian sup (‘shoulder’), Sanskrit शुप्ति (śúpti, ‘shoulder’), Proto-Germanic *hupiz (‘hip’). The semantic development would be “to bend the knees” > “……”
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*anda-
prefix · /ˈɑn.dɑ/
facing, opposite
“……inst’ and then ‘away, off’. Related Indo-European forms include *h₂énti, reflected in Hittite 𒄩𒀭𒍝, Ancient Greek ἀντί, Vedic Sanskrit अन्ति, and Latin ante de Vaan 2008 Dunkel 2014 Kloekhorst 2008. Compare also Proto-Tocharian *ā́ntë, usually derived……”
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*-niz
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · i-stem · /niz/
forms feminine abstract, action, or result nouns from verbal roots and stems
“……d verbal adjectives and nouns, usually directly from full-grade verbal roots. Krahe and Meid Meid 1969 compare forms such as Sanskrit वह्नि॑, Lithuanian šlaunis, and Latin clūnis. In Proto-Germanic, direct inherited *-nis was fully productive only in……”
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*albiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑl.βiz/
elf; a supernatural being of Germanic religion and mythology
“……lbʰ-ó-s, so the Hittite evidence does not require *h₄ de Vaan 2008 Kloekhorst 2008 Woodhouse 2012. The older comparison with Sanskrit ऋभु is formally possible but semantically much less persuasive and need not be assumed for the Germanic word Hall 20……”
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*asjǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑs.jɔ̃ː/
forge, smithing furnace; hearth
“……n heading and opening sentence is apparently a transposition error for h₂eh₁s-). Cognate at the root level with Hittite 𒄩𒀀𒀸, Sanskrit आस, Latin āreō, and the related *-eh₂ formations Hittite 𒄩𒀸𒊭 and Latin āra de Vaan 2008 Kloekhorst 2008 Melchert 201……”
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*-umnijō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /um.ni.jɔː/
forms abstract, result, and state nouns, usually from verbs or from bases already associated with *men-stem nominal…
“……timately from PIE root *lewk-. It also explains Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌹 from pre-Germanic *witumnijō < pre-Gmc *wid-m̥n-yéh₂ beside Sanskrit वि॒द्मन्, from PIE root *weyd-, and comparable *-men- formations Kluge 1899 Krahe & Meid 1969 Johnsen 2005a Kroonen……”
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*aizą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.zɑ̃/
copper or bronze; by extension, metal, ore, and objects or money made from copper alloy
“……a-stem declension Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Thorsø et al. 2023. Cognate with Latin aes ~ aeris, Umbrian ahesnes, Oscan aizniō, Sanskrit अयस्, and Avestan -𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 de Vaan 2008 Olander 2023 Thorsø et al. 2023. The wide distribution supports inheritance f……”
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*paþaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈpɑ.θɑz/
path
“……ative Germanic *funsaz (‘ready, willing’) and *finþaną (‘to find, to discover, to come upon’), and additionally cognate with Sanskrit पन्था (pánthā, ‘way, path’). However, the above theory has been disputed, with alternative theories taking the word……”
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*aidiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ði.jɑ̃/
isthmus, strait
“……ge’ > ‘isthmus, strait’. Compare Ancient Greek ἰτός from the more typical zero-grade of the root, *h₁i-tó-s, Latin itus, and Sanskrit इत Ringe 2017 Watkins 2011. The formally related *aiþaz may reflect a parallel *h₁óy-to-s formation with a semantic……”
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*atgaizaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑt.ɣɑi̯.zɑz/
spear, especially a heavy or thrusting spear
“……rkisz 2016. The second constituent *gaizaz continues late Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰois-ó-, probably from root *ǵʰeis-; compare Sanskrit हेषस्. Recent work regards Proto-Celtic *gaiso- as probably borrowed from Germanic rather than an inherited cognate……”
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*auþuz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɑu̯.θuz/
easy, effortless; light, not difficult or burdensome
“……ing to the Indo-European *h₂eu(H)- word family associated with favor, assistance, well-being, enjoyment, and desire. Compare Sanskrit अवति, Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌, Old Irish con·oí, Ancient Greek ἐνηής, and Latin aveō Kroonen 2013 Visser 2024. Kroonen recon……”
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*blōþą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈblɔː.θɑ̃/
blood
“……uted PIE word for ‘blood’, the r/n-stem *h₁ésh₂r̥ ~ *h₁sh₂éns (cf. Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒄯 (e-eš-ḫar, /ēšḫar/), Ancient Greek ἔαρ (éar), Sanskrit असृज् (asṛj), and Latin sanguī̆s) does not show up with that sense in Proto-Germanic (though it did survive in *īsar……”
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*-gaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ɣɑz/
forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of 'being, having, or doing'.
“……derivation to this one are *-agaz, *-īgaz, and *-ugaz. Cognates of this suffix include Latin -cus, Ancient Greek -κός, and Sanskrit -कस.…”
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*butmaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbut.mɑz/
bottom; foundation
“……s(‘bottom’). According to Kroonen 2013, the -m- had been dissimilated in the genitive already in Proto-Indo-European, giving Sanskrit बुध्न (budhna, ‘bottom, ground, base, depth, lowest part of anything’) and Latin fundus (‘bottom; farm; ground; foun……”
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*warmaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈwɑr.mɑz/
warm (having a higher temperature than usual)
“……ór-mo-s, from *gʷʰer- (‘warm, hot’) + *-mos, related to Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós), Latin formus, Persian گرم (garm) and Sanskrit घर्म (gharma). # From Proto-Indo-European *wór-mo-s, from *wer- (‘to burn’) + *-mos, related to Hittite [script need……”
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*ankwô
noun · neuter · an-stem · /ˈɑŋ.kʷɔːː/
ointment; salve
“……Direct nominal cognates are Latin unguen and Old Irish imb; the same root is reflected in Old Armenian աւծանեմ, Latin unguō, Sanskrit अनक्ति, and, in a different formation *h₃n̥gʷ-tó-s, Old Prussian anctan Kroonen 2011a Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1……”
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*awadī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɑ.wɑ.ðiː/
eider duck, especially the female eider (Somateria mollissima).
“……ndicate that the word entered Proto-North-Germanic only after the breakup of Proto-Germanic proper. Earlier comparisons with Sanskrit आति and PIE *h₂éwis are phonologically formally unconvincing Kroonen 2013 Lockwood 1974.…”
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*-iz
suffix · forms adjectives · i-stem · /iz/
forms primary i-stem adjectives, usually from verbal roots; the meaning is most often passive or possibilitive, but…
“……he passive/possibilitive use, they are functionally comparable to Proto-Indo-European gerundival adjectives in *-yo-(compare Sanskrit दृश्य), while the active use continues the older i-stem pattern of adjectival agent nouns Krahe & Meid 1969.…”
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*-þiz
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · i-stem · /θiz/
forms feminine i-stem abstract/action nouns from verbal roots, usually denoting the action, event, result, state, or…
“……t to Verner's Law if the original accent was on the suffix, in which case the t- became a d- Lehmann 1986a. Cognates include Sanskrit -ति, Ancient Greek -τις, Lithuanian -ti, -tis, Proto-Celtic *-tis, and Proto-Slavic *-tь, all forming nouns of vario……”
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*ainaz
numeral · /ˈɑi̯.nɑz/
one
“……n and Middle Welsh un, Proto-Albanian *aina- > Albanian një, Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀, and Old Persian aiva-, Ancient Greek οἶος, while Sanskrit एक continues a parallel *h₁óy-ko- derivative; Baltic and Slavic forms are renewed, as in Lithuanian víenas, Latvian……”
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*aiþastabaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.θɑ.ˌstɑ.βɑz/
an oath formula; the prescribed wording of an oath
“……7 Orel 2003. The second consituent, *stabaz, ultimately belongs to Proto-Indo-European root *stebʰ-, with cognates including Sanskrit स्तभ्नाति, Lithuanian stãbas, and Middle Irish sab Orel 2003.…”
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*-gin
particle · /ɣin/
forms indefinite and negative-polarity adverbs and pronouns, with the sense ‘ever, at all, any, some-’
“……n/*-gen > *-gin; unreduced *-gʷena would not itself have triggered this raising Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. Cognates include Vedic Sanskrit चन and Avestan 𐬗𐬌𐬥𐬁, continuing Indo-Iranian *čana < PIE *kʷena. Dunkel 2014. The Gothic suffix -𐌷𐌿𐌽 is functionally……”