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*fleuganą
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈɸleu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to fly
“…From pre-Germanic *pléwk-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (‘to fly, flow, run; to splash, flap with hands’), an extension of root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’). Kroonen 2013 explains the -g- (rather than expected -h-) as resulting from in……”
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*-assuz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · u-stem · /ɑs.suz/
forms abstract nouns
“…From earlier *-at-tuz, from *-atjaną + *-tuz (*-þuz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tu-s). The extension *-at- was reanalyzed by speakers as part of the root, and the word was then reformulated as a tu-stem. The *-tt- co……”
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*-ōdaz
suffix · forms adjectives · a-stem · /ɔː.ðɑz/
forms denominal adjectives meaning ‘having, provided with, characterized by X’, comparable to English “-ed” in bearded,…
“……ge 2017. Ringe treats the Germanic formations as inherited “pseudo-participles”. The variant *-ōdijaz represents a secondary extension of *-ōdaz Krahe & Meid 1969 Ringe 2017. The suffix was not originally a past participle, though it became formally……”
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*amalą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑ.mɑ.lɑ̃/
hard work, toil, struggle; laborious or persistent exertion.
“……lationship of the onomastic stem Amal- to shorter am-/ama- is uncertain. Kaufmann analyzes Amal- (beside Amul-, Amil-) as an extension of the name stem am-, while allowing that am- could instead be a secondary shortening of older amal- Meineke 2010.……”
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*brōdijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈbrɔː.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to keep warm; brood
“……Proto-Indo-European causative, as it provides a simple solution for the -d-. Alternatively, it would have to be from a PIE t-extension with a causative suffix, *bʰroh₁-t-éy-e/o- from *bʰreh₁- (‘to burn, brew’), upon which a tu-stem was built for the……”
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*aurijaz
noun · masculine · ja-stem · /ˈɑu̯.ri.jɑz/
an ounce, especially a unit of weight for precious metal
“……ly to the Roman uncia, not to the much lighter aureus Ruthström 1993. Ruthström instead derives aurar from an old Germanic r-extension related to *audaz, with eyrir formed secondarily from it, but acknowledges that the proposed semantic development r……”
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*-isōną
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 2 · /i.sɔː.nɑ̃/
forms Weak class 2 verbs from adjectives and nouns, typically meaning ‘to be, become, make, treat as, or act in…
“…From Proto-Germanic *-is- + *-ōną. The first element is an old nominal or adjectival *-is- extension, comparable to the *-is- seen in PGmc*-iskaz < (PIE *-iskos), while the second element is the regular Weak class 2……”
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*brējaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈbrɛː.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to roast
“……m, brew’). Closely related to *brēdaną (‘to warm, heat, broil; roast (meat)’), from the same root (with a resultative -dʰh₁- extension). Possible cognates are Sanskrit भुरति (bhuráti, ‘to palpitate, quiver, stir’), Ancient Greek πορφῡ́ρω (porphū́rō,……”
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*gerstō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɣer.stɔː/
barley
“……ean in origin, the root would seem to be *ǵʰers- (‘to be stiff’) (compare Sanskrit हर्षति (hárṣati, ‘to bristle’)) with some extension *-D-. For the semantics, compare the synonym *baraz (“barley”; originally “spiky leaves”, ‘awn’), apparently from *……”
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*steubaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈsteu̯.βɑ.nɑ̃/
to fly or whirl about
“…Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (‘to whisk, smoke, obscure’), which may be an extension of Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (‘to whirl, waft, stink, shake; steam, haze, smoke’), and compared with Ancient Gre……”
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*aisǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑi̯.sɔ̃ː/
fireplace, hearth; place or structure in which a fire is maintained
“…Of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-s-éh₂, an -s- extension from *h₂eydʰ-, and thus related to Proto-Germanic *aidaz; however, this derivation requires loss of the root-final……”
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*akiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑ.kiz/
ache; physical pain
“……g pain; to ache’). The latter may have been originally identical to its homonym *akaną (‘to drive or travel in a vehicle; by extension, to sail or navigate’), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-, with a semantic development ‘drive, set in motion’ → ‘agit……”
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*blasaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈblɑ.sɑz/
white, pale (of animals)
“……is uncertain. A plausible speculative analysis derives the word from a zero-grade preform *bʰl̥- with an old adjectival *-s-extension, e.g. pre-Germanic **bʰl̥-s-ó-s. This would fit both the Proto-Germanic vocalism and the semantics suggested by Gre……”
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*fleuhaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈɸleu̯.xɑ.nɑ̃/
to flee
“…From pre-Germanic *pléwk-e/o-, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk- (‘to fly, flow, run; to splash, flap with hands’), an extension of root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’). The initial þl- instead of fl- in Gothic 𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þliuhan) has long been deba……”
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*alīnō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑ.liː.nɔː/
forearm; elbow
“…From pre-Germanic *olīnā ~ *olenā, ultimately a feminine *-eh₂ extension of an Indo-European n-stem meaning ‘elbow’. The underlying noun was an ablauting body-part n-stem, reconstructed by……”
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*ardugaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.ðu.ɣɑz/
steep; sharply rising or sloping
“……to-Celtic ardwos, and Latin arduus Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Matasović 2009a. Garnier Garnier 2014a instead regards the *-gaz extension as a specifically Germanic innovation from the inherited u-stem rather than an inherited PIE derivative…”
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*falkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɸɑl.kɔːː/
falcon
“……o-Germanic color base *fal- ‘pale, grayish, yellowish-brown’, related to *falwaz (‘pale, gray, fallow’), with a zoonymic *-k-extension, perhaps the same animal/bird-name suffix seen in *habukaz (‘hawk’), *alkǭ (‘a kind of sea bird, auk’), and Proto-W……”
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*anadô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.nɑ.ðɔːː/
breath
“……which results from breathing’ > ‘breath’. A close morphological-semantic parallel is his analysis of Germanic *wedrą as a dʰ-extension of PIE *h₂weh₁- Lehmann 1942. The identification of *-dʰ- as an enlargement is, however, uncertain, as no exact ext……”
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*aidiją
noun · neuter · ja-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ði.jɑ̃/
isthmus, strait
“……with a semantic development ‘course, going’ > ‘oath’ van Sluis et al. 2023. Lehmann Lehmann 1942 considered this to be a dʰ-extension of the same root, *h₁oy-dʰ-yo-m, comparing Ancient Greek ῐ̓́θμᾰ, which is related to ῐ̓σθμός Beekes 2010, ultimatel……”
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*-atjaną
suffix · forms verbs · Weak class 1 · /ɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/
forms weak class I verbs from nouns and adjectives, with meanings such as ‘make X’, ‘become X’, ‘act as X’, or ‘treat…
“……o- verbs that had earlier nominal stems ending in *-d- or *-do-, where the original function of the dental element was as an extension to a root or stem Krahe & Meid 1969. Ancient Greek suffixes -άζω and -ίζωand the PGmc suffix are formally and funct……”
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*brestaną
verb · Strong class 3 · /ˈbres.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to burst, break, sunder, split, crack
“……ibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrés-t-e/o-, from root *bʰres- (‘to burst, break, crack, crackle, split, separate’) with a t-extension see Pokorny 1959; he also notes reflexes without the -t- and with -k-). Possibly related to PIE root *bʰrews- (‘br……”
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*ainakjǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑi̯.nɑk.jɔ̃ː/
widow
“……woman’), built to *ainak-/*ainakla- (‘standing alone, solitary’), ultimately from *ainaz (‘one’) with a suffixal *-k-/*-kl- extension, perhaps continuing Proto-Indo-European *h₁oyno-gó- / *h₁oyno-g-lo-Krahe & Meid 1969. Alternatively, according to O……”
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*kalbaz
noun · neuter · z-stem · /ˈkɑl.βɑz/
calf (young cow)
“……arva; small person or animal’), itself perhaps of Gaulish origin, and proposes Proto-Indo-European *gel (e)b⁽ʰ⁾- as a labial extension of *gel- (‘form into a ball; ball’); compare Old English clyppan (‘to hug, embrace; to clasp’) (modern English clas……”
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*haitaną
verb · Strong class 7a · /ˈxɑi̯.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to address, call, summon
“…Traditionally derived, per Pokorny, from a Proto-Indo-European *key-d-, a dental extension of a root Proto-Indo-European *key- (‘to move, to impel’), and compared with Ancient Greek κινέω (kinéō, ‘to set in……”
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*-ungō
suffix · forms nouns · feminine · ō-stem · /uŋ.ɡɔː/
forms feminine action and event nouns, chiefly from verbs, denoting ‘the act, process, occurrence, result, or state of…
“……rbs, whereas both variants occurred with nominal and adjectival bases; this division was subsequently obscured by analogical extension and dialectal redistribution Kluge 1899 Krahe & Meid 1969. The suffix is not productively represented in Gothic, an……”