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*anþeraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑn.θe.rɑz/
second
“……’; *-tero- formations independently replaced the inherited ordinal in several Indo-European branches Kahl 2024. Cognate with Lithuanian añtras, Old Prussian antars, and Sanskrit अन्तर, the latter reflecting a merger with distinct *h₁énteros Fulk 2018……”
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*durzaną
verb · Preterite-present · /ˈdur.zɑ.nɑ̃/
to dare
“……avic *dьrznǫti (‘dare’), Sanskrit धृष्णोति (dhṛṣṇóti, ‘to be bold or courageous or confident or proud; to dare or venture’), Lithuanian drį̇̃sti (‘to dare, have the courage’), Ancient Greek θάρσος (thársos., ‘courage; confidence; audacity’), and Alba……”
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*marþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈmɑr.θuz/
marten
“…Unknown. The original meaning could have been "bride," which could be related to Latin mas (‘male bride’), Lithuanian marti (‘daughter-in-law’), and possibly Crimean Gothic marzu (‘marriage’). For similar semantic development, compa……”
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*walþuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈwɑl.θuz/
forest
“……rlike object’); compare Proto-Celtic *woltos (‘hair (of the head)’) and Proto-Balto-Slavic *wolˀtis (‘ear of grain’) (whence Lithuanian váltis (‘oat awn’)), as well as possibly Ancient Greek λᾰ́σῐος (lắsĭos, ‘hairy’)), though the semantic gap is wide……”
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*fedwōr
numeral · /ˈɸeð.wɔːr/
four
“……ive", *pénkwe. The expected outcome would have been **hwedwōr. Cognates include Albanian katër, Old Armenian: չորք (čʻorkʻ), Lithuanian keturi, Old Irish cethair, Ancient Greek τέσσαρες (téssares), Sanskrit चतुर् (catur), Latin quattuor, and Tocharia……”
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*fernaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɸer.nɑz/
foregoing, previous
“…From an Indo-European temporal stem *per(H)-n-, probably originally adverbial/locatival. Compare Lithuanian pérnai/pérnais (‘last year’) < *per(H)-noi and Latvian pę̃rn/pę̃rns (‘last year; s’’) Derksen 2015. Related to the……”
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*herutaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxe.ru.tɑz/
hart, stag
“…From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (‘horn’) + *-utaz. Cognate with Lithuanian karvė (‘cow’), Russian коро́ва (koróva, ‘cow, neat’), Latin cervus (‘deer, stag’), Welsh carw (‘hart, stag’). Alte……”
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*durīz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈdu.riːz/
door
“……dʰúr-o-m (see *durą, ‘door’), from root *dʰwer- (‘door’). Cognate with Old Armenian դուրք (durkʻ, ‘door, entrance, sluice’), Lithuanian dvãras (‘manor’), Old Irish dorus (‘door’), Sanskrit द्वार (dvā́ra, ‘door, gate, passage, entrance; opening, apert……”
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*sleutaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈsleu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to bolt, lock
“……Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (‘to crook, bend’), and compared with Latin clāvis (‘key, bar, bolt’), Latin claudō (‘close’), Lithuanian kliudyti (‘to hamper, obstruct’), Old Irish cló (‘nail’). Kroonen, however, considers the word restricted to Germa……”
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*grunduz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈɣrun.duz/
ground, foundation
“……o-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰarmyám (‘permanent building’), which would imply the root to be *ǵʰrem- ~ *ǵʰerm-. Less likely related to Lithuanian pã-grindas (“lake bottom”, literally “under-floorboard”) (pace Orel), for which see Proto-Germanic *grindiz (‘fenc……”
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*aibraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.βrɑz/
sharp, bitter
“……ring’ or ‘carrying/keeping to itself’ Dunkel 2014 Wodtko et al. 2008. Possible comparanda are Tocharian A ewär and dialectal Lithuanian aibrùmas Wodtko et al. 2008, perhaps from an earlier sense ‘bitterness, astringency’. Dunkel Dunkel 2014 analyzes……”
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*smeukaną
verb · Strong class 2 · /ˈsmeu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
to smoke, fume
“……e to subtly different phonetics in its descendants. Cognate with Ancient Greek σμὐχω (smukhō, ‘to burn up, smoulder away’), Lithuanian smáugti (‘to choke’), Old Irish múch (‘fire’), Welsh mwg (‘fire’), Old Armenian մուխ (mux, ‘smoke’). Kroonen assume……”
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*-mô
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · an-stem · /mɔːː/
forms mostly lexicalized masculine deverbal nouns denoting an action or state, its result or concrete manifestation,…
“……stems and masculinized or remodeled neuter *-men-stems Krahe & Meid 1969 Kroonen 2011a Ringe 2017. Compare Latin stāmen and Lithuanian stuomuõ beside PGmc *stōmô.…”
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*fallaną
verb · Strong class 7c · /ˈɸɑl.lɑ.nɑ̃/
to fall
“……aboleō (‘to destroy, efface, terminate’), Ancient Greek ἀπόλλῡμι (apóllūmi, ‘to completely destroy; to kill; to slay’), and Lithuanian pùlti (‘to fall’).…”
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*krītaną
verb · Strong class 1 · /ˈkriː.tɑ.nɑ̃/
to call out, scream, shout, proclaim
“……of Proto-Germanic rests on the Crimean Gothic hapax eriten (taken to be a misspelling of *criten or the like). Cognate with Lithuanian gùrti (‘to sound soundly’), Middle Irish grith (‘a cry’), Welsh gryd (‘a scream’), Latin gingriō (“cackle; squawk;……”
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*wedrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈweð.rɑ̃/
weather
“……at reflect unvoiced *-þrą in the suffix. If from pre-Germanic *h₂weh₁tróm, perhaps a formation in common with Latvian vētra, Lithuanian vė́tra (‘storm’) and Proto-Slavic *vě̀trъ (‘wind, air’).…”
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*airō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑi̯.rɔː/
an oar; a long-handled implement used to propel or steer a boat
“……; an oar was thus conceived as an instrument for pulling or setting a boat in motion Höfler 2023. Related formations include Lithuanian íena, Slovene ojẹ̑ ~ ojẹ̑sa, Vedic Sanskrit अयते and ईयते, and याति. Ancient Greek οἴαξ and Vedic Sanskrit ईषा bel……”
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*haimaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈxɑi̯.mɑz/
home
“……the second proposal is correct, cognate of Sanskrit क्षेम (kṣéma, ‘basis, foundation; residing, resting, abiding at ease’), Lithuanian kaimas (‘village, countryside’) (though this could be a borrowing).…”
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*pōlaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈpɔː.lɑz/
pool
“……), Romanian baltă (‘swamp, puddle’), Albanian baltë (‘mud, swamp’), as well as Proto-Slavic *bala, *balъka (‘pool; ravine’), Lithuanian balà (‘bog; marsh; swamp; pool’), Latvian bala (‘a muddy, treeless depression’).…”
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*fimf
numeral · /ˈɸimɸ/
five
“……a labial Kroonen 2013; the expected form would have been **finhw. Cognates are Old Albanian pensë, Old Armenian հինգ (hing), Lithuanian penki̇̀, Irish cúig, Ancient Greek πέντε (pénte), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀 (paṇca), Latin quīnque, and Proto-Tocharian *p'ä́ñ……”
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*awahaimaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.wɑ.ˌxɑi̯.mɑz/
maternal uncle; mother’s brother
“……Boutkan & Siebinga 2005. The first constituent ultimately continues Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os; compare Latin avunculus, Lithuanian avýnas, Old Church Slavonic ujь, and Welsh ewythr Mallory & Adams 1997.…”
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*flahaną
verb · Strong class 6 · /ˈɸlɑ.xɑ.nɑ̃/
to skin, flay
“……, flay, tear’), related to Ancient Greek πλάξ (pláx, ‘anything flat and broad’). Lloyd & Lühr 2007 suggest a connection with Lithuanian plė̃šiu / plė́šti (‘tear off, peel off’, from Proto-Baltic *plē̆ḱ-ye/o-), assuming a haplologically shortened red……”
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*hrōpaną
verb · Strong class 7e · /ˈxrɔː.pɑ.nɑ̃/
to cry out, call, shout
“……ic *wōpijaną (‘to cry out, lament’). Other theories connect the word to Ancient Greek κόραξ (kórax), Latin corvus (‘raven’), Lithuanian šárka (‘magpie’) in the sense of "caw".…”
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*askaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑs.kɑz/
ash tree
“……skó-, traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *Hh₃es-k-ós, a -k- extension of root *Heh₃s-. The wider family includes Lithuanian uosis, Proto-Slavic *asenь/*asenъ, Proto-Celtic *osno-, Latin ornus, Armenian հացի, Albanian ah, and perhaps Ancie……”
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*hreganą
verb · Strong class 4 · /ˈxre.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to jut out
“……nic, specifically rejecting the traditional connections with Ancient Greek κρόσσαι (króssai, ‘stepped copings of parapets’), Lithuanian krãkė (‘rod, staff’), Russian кроква (krókva, ‘bar, club, rafters’). Orel, who reconstructs the Germanic as *regan……”