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*aikulaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.ku.lɑz/
frightened, terrified, overcome with fear
“……of root *h₂eyg-, with the semantic development ‘agitated, violently moved’ → ‘excited, trembling’ → ‘frightened, terrified’ Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Compare Sanskrit एजति. Related to *aikijaną.…”
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*baitaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈbɑi̯.tɑz/
boat, ship
“…From Proto-Indo-European *bʰóyd-o-s, from *bʰeyd- (‘to break, split’). Kroonen 2013 posits that the word originally referred to a small nautical vessel made of a tree, hollowed (i.e. split) like a……”
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*bukkô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈbuk.kɔːː/
alternative form of *bukkaz (“buck”)
“…From pre-Germanic *bukō ~ *bukkaz < Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-ōn ~ *bʰug-n-ós, from root *bʰuǵ- (‘goat, buck, ram’) Kroonen 2013. Proto-Celtic *bukkos (‘goat’) is likely a loan from Matasović 2009a. Cognate with Old Armenian բուծ (buc, ‘lamb……”
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*aþulijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈɑ.θu.li.jɑz/
noble; of noble birth or lineage
“……ble’ Faltings 2010 Heidermanns 1993. The exact medial vocalism is uncertain: Orel Orel 2003 reconstructs *aþal(j)az, whereas Kroonen Kroonen 2013 prefers *aþulja- and derives it from pre-Germanic *h₂⸝₃et-l̥-io-, with *u reflecting the Germanic vocali……”
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*awadī
noun · feminine · ī/jō-stem · /ˈɑ.wɑ.ðiː/
eider duck, especially the female eider (Somateria mollissima).
“…Of uncertain, probably non-Indo-European origin. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 reconstructs a North Germanic root *aw(V)d- and interprets *awadī as a feminine formation beside an unat……”
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*aganą
verb · Preterite-present · /ˈɑ.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/
to fear, to be afraid; to feel dread or emotional distress
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ógʰe ~ *h₂eh₂gʰḗr, the reduplicated perfect/stative of *h₂egʰ- Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017 Rix et al. 2001. The formation survived in Germanic as a preterite-present verb, with singular *ōg- b……”
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*aihtiz
noun · feminine · i-stem · /ˈɑi̯x.tiz/
possessions, property; goods or wealth held by an owner
“…From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éyḱ-ti-s ~ *h₂iḱ-téy-s, a proterokinetic *-ti-stem from root *h₂eyḱ- Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The Proto-Germanic form reflects the generalized full-grade stem. Comparanda include Sanskrit ईशे /……”
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*flakkōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɸlɑk.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to beat
“……’), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European extended root *pleh₂g- (‘to beat, strike’), from root *pel- (‘to beat, push, drive’) Kroonen 2013. Compare Proto-Slavic *plakati (‘to cry, weep’) and Latin plēctō (‘to punish, beat’).…”
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*karilaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈkɑ.ri.lɑz/
free man
“…A diminutive of *karaz (but a Proto-Indo-European l-stem according to Kroonen 2013). Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (‘to become old, to grow’) and related to Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn……”
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*arwaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.wɑz/
ready, prepared; quick, swift
“……ly by Tocharian A ārwar and Tocharian B ārwer, although the precise derivation of the Tocharian forms is disputed Adams 2013 Kroonen 2013 Pronk 2013 Pronk 2019. Pronk proposes that the Germanic adjective directly continues *h₂er-u-o- and cautions aga……”
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*aferô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑ.ɸe.rɔːː/
offspring, descendant; by extension, a successor, literally ‘one who comes after’
“……a derivative of *apó; compare Sanskrit अपर, Avestan 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀, Lycian epre/i-, Lydian afara/i-, and Sanskrit अपत्यम् Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997.…”
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*after
adverb · /ˈɑɸ.ter/
after, behind
“……tin ab, and Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺, while the *-tero- derivative is paralleled by Sanskrit अपतरम् and Ancient Greek ἀπωτέρω Dunkel 2014 Kroonen 2013.…”
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*andaswarjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˌɑn.dɑ.ˈswɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to answer, reply
“……oximately ‘speak in reply/opposition’ > ‘answer’, not necessarily ‘swear against’. The attested ‘answer’ verbs are weak, and Kroonen Kroonen 2013 suggests secondary denominative remodeling from the "answer" noun.…”
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*ampraz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑm.prɑz/
sharp or acrid in taste; sour, bitter
“……e broader but uncertain ‘raw’ family include Sanskrit आम, Ancient Greek ὠμός, and Old Armenian հում Beekes 2010 de Vaan 2008 Kroonen 2013 Wodtko et al. 2008. Kroonen Kroonen 2013, skeptical of the Indo-European analysis, also compares Semitic forms s……”
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*ankulaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ku.lɑz/
ankle; the joint between the foot and lower leg
“…Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éng-ul-(o)-, an l-formation from root *h₂eng- Kroonen 2013. The semantic development was presumably ‘bend, angle’ > ‘joint’ > ‘ankle’. Close cognates include Latin angulus……”
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*flahsą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɸlɑx.sɑ̃/
flax
“……ved from pre-Germanic *ploḱ-s-ó-m, a thematicized s-stem noun from Proto-Indo-European root *pleḱ- (‘to fold, plait, weave’) Kroonen 2013. However, a link with Van Beek’s (2022) root *plek- (‘to strip, flay, tear’), related to Ancient Greek πλάξ (plá……”
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*armaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑr.mɑz/
poor, miserable
“……ermanic *h₃orbʰ-mó-s, an *-mo- adjective from Proto-Indo-European root *h₃erbʰ-, with loss of *b before *m: *arbma- > *arma- Kroonen 2013. Related to *h₃órbʰos, reflected in Old Armenian որբ, Ancient Greek ὀρφανός, and Latin orbus; the semantic devel……”
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*flaumaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɸlɑu̯.mɑz/
stream; current; flow
“……from an o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’) + *-mó-(forms action/result nouns from verb stems) Kroonen 2013. Cognates are Ancient Greek πλόος (plóos, ‘sailing; voyage’), Sanskrit प्लव (plavá, ‘swimming, floating’), and T……”
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*aflōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑɸ.lɔː.nɑ̃/
to acquire, procure, contrive; to bring something about or obtain it by effort or resources
“…From *aflą + *-ōną, here with the sense ‘to exercise, produce, or secure the thing denoted by the base noun’ Kroonen 2013 Orel 2003. The base *aflą continues pre-Germanic *h₃ép-lo-m, a neuter *-lo- formation from Proto-Indo-European r……”
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*aiginōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑi̯.ɣi.nɔː.nɑ̃/
to appropriate, take possession of; to make one’s own
“……aiganaz/*aiginaz (‘possessed, one’s own’), the lexicalized past participle of *aiganą + *-ōną; literally ‘to make one’s own’ Kroonen 2013 Ringe 2017. The base ultimately belongs to Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ-. A cognate of the root is Vedic Sanskrit……”
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*aldiz
noun · masculine · i-stem · /ˈɑl.diz/
human being, person; especially collectively/plurally, people, men
“……e personal use is especially reflected by Old English ielde, Old Saxon aldi, eldi, and the genitive plural in *aldijǫ̂ barnō Kroonen 2013.…”
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*aliskōną
verb · Weak class 2 · /ˈɑ.lis.kɔː.nɑ̃/
to tend to, to care for
“……k class 2 verb in *-ōną; alternatively, *aliskaz and *aliskōną may represent parallel Germanic derivatives of the same base; Kroonen reconstructs aliskōn- directly as a derivative of alan- (but without further explanation of the origin of the *-isk-)……”
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*alkǭ
noun · feminine · ōn-stem · /ˈɑl.kɔ̃ː/
a kind of sea bird, auk
“……*-k- belongs to a formant particularly frequent in Germanic bird names, as also *habukaz and *falkô de Vries 1977 Kluge 1899 Kroonen 2013 Pokorny 1959. The deeper Indo-European connection remains somewhat uncertain.…”
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*arhwō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑr.xʷɔː/
arrow
“…Probably ultimately from a European non-Indo-European substrate word-family. Kroonen Kroonen 2013 tentatively derives the Northwest Germanic forms from pre-Germanic *h₂érk-uh₂, ~ *h₂erk-wéh₂-s, a femini……”
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*arnijaz
adjective · ja-stem · /ˈɑr.ni.jɑz/
serious; vigorous, capable; secure, certain
“……han *a; this has been explained as secondary Germanic ablaut, but the formal relationship remains uncertain Heidermanns 1993 Kroonen 2013 Lloyd et al. 1998 Rix et al. 2001.…”