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*-(i)jaz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · ja-stem · /i.jɑz/
forms relational adjectives and substantivized nominals denoting origin, descent, affiliation, or be-longing; ‘of,…
“……ith, characterized by’, from which the Germanic meanings ‘from, of, descended from, affiliated with’ developed. Cognate with Latin -ius, Ancient Greek -ιος, and Sanskrit -य, all continuing the same broad Indo-European relational/adjectival suffix F……”
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*ab
adverb · /ˈɑβ/
away, off
“……ry of this particle class is not entirely straightforward Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Sanskrit अप, Ancient Greek ἀπό, Latin ab, and probably with Hittite 𒀀𒀊𒉺; the Anatolian form without a reflex of the laryngeal is one reason to prefer *apó By……”
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*ainagaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.nɑ.ɣɑz/
only, sole; singular, unique
“……az + *-agaz /*-gaz, with *-g- reflecting Verner voicing of suffixal *-k- in an originally suffix-accented formation. Compare Latin ūnicus ( < ūnus + -icus), a close Italic parallel from the same *h₁óy-no-s base de Vaan 2008 Torp 1909 Mallory & Adams……”
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*at
preposition · /ˈɑt/
at, by; toward, to (with accusative or dative)
“……st in Proto-Germanic, was retained due to this word being monosyllabic with a short vowel Fulk 2018 Ringe 2017. Cognate with Latin ad and Proto-Celtic *ad-. Sanskrit आ and Avestan 𐬁 have also been connected: Garnier Garnier 2014b derives them from a……”
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*-ilaz
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · a-stem · /i.lɑz/
forms diminutives and hypocoristics, especially nouns denoting small, young, or affectionate versions of the base
“……European denominal/adjectival suffix *-ló-s, here specialized in Proto-Germanic as a diminutive and agent suffix similar to Latin -ulus of the same origin de Goede 2014. Ringe Ringe 2017 identifies a PIE diminutive suffix *-el- which seems to likely……”
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*Askabergaz
proper noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑs.kɑ.ˌber.ɣɑz/
a mountain or mountain range in eastern Germania, probably corresponding to part of the Giant Mountains or Sudetic…
“…From *askaz + *bergaz, literally ‘Ash Mountain’. The name is reconstructed from Ptolemy’s τὸ Ἀσκιβούργιον ὄρος , Latin Asciburgius mons, an ancient Germanic toponym whose first constituent is generally connected with Proto-Germanic *askaz……”
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*-mô
suffix · forms nouns · masculine · an-stem · /mɔːː/
forms mostly lexicalized masculine deverbal nouns denoting an action or state, its result or concrete manifestation,…
“……ed animate *‑mon-stems and masculinized or remodeled neuter *-men-stems Krahe & Meid 1969 Kroonen 2011a Ringe 2017. Compare Latin stāmen and Lithuanian stuomuõ beside PGmc *stōmô.…”
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*atjaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to incite, provoke, or urge into conflict
“……ense is continued by Old Norse etja and prefixed Old High German anazzen Kroonen 2013 Rix et al. 2001. Root cognates include Latin ōdī, an inherited perfect with present meaning, and Old Armenian ատեամ; compare Ancient Greek ὀδύσ(σ)ασθαι, whose forma……”
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*slaiwaz
adjective · a-stem · /ˈslɑi̯.wɑz/
blunt; dull
“……badly, fail’) for Proto-Indo-European *sliH-u-. For the latter, compare Ancient Greek λαιός (laiós, ‘left (side); awkward’), Latin laevus, Proto-Slavic *lěvъ (‘left’) (originally meaning *“askew”?), but the semantic connection is weak. Kroonen reject……”
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*awjō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈɑu̯.jɔː/
wetland; floodplain, meadow
“……jō), while Kroonen Kroonen 2013 projects the formation as *h₂ekʷ-iéh₂. Ultimately associated with *h₂ékʷeh₂, also underlying Latin aqua Lloyd & Springer 1988. The deeper origin of this restricted Germanic–Italic word is disputed: Beekes Beekes 1998 c……”
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*fallaną
verb · Strong class 7c · /ˈɸɑl.lɑ.nɑ̃/
to fall
“……elh1-né- > pre-Germanic *polné- (via Osthoff’s Law) > Early Proto-Germanic *falle/o- (via Kluge’s Law) Kroonen 2013. Compare Latin aboleō (‘to destroy, efface, terminate’), Ancient Greek ἀπόλλῡμι (apóllūmi, ‘to completely destroy; to kill; to slay’),……”
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*winidaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈwi.ni.ðɑz/
a member of the “Baltic Veneti” (tribe of unknown affiliation)
“……ration Period. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (‘to love, desire’). Compare Proto-Germanic *winiz (‘friend’) and Latin Venetī.…”
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*agluz
adjective · u-stem · /ˈɑɣ.luz/
difficult, hard; troublesome or burdensome, especially in the sense ‘causing toil, pain, or distress’
“……as a ja-/jō-stem in West Germanic Visser 2024. Compare Sanskrit अघ, Sanskrit अघल, Ancient Greek ἄχος/ᾰ̓́χνῠμαι, and possibly Latin algus Kroonen 2013 Mallory & Adams 1997 Matasović 2022.…”
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*augijaną
verb · Weak class 1 · /ˈɑu̯.ɣi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
to show, display; cause to see
“……to the nasal weak stem of the n-stem noun. The nominal base belongs to Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-, with cognates including Latin oculus, Sanskrit अक्षि, Old Armenian ակն, and Ancient Greek ὄσσε Pronk 2015 Wodtko et al. 2008.…”
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*skipą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈski.pɑ̃/
ship
“……le. Compare the development of Old Norse skeið (‘sheath; spoon; ship’), also from an extension of *skey-; cf. also unrelated Latin vās (‘hollow object’), source of French vaisseau (‘vessel’). Kroonen instead claims that this word would rather be a lo……”
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*aitrą
noun · neuter · a-stem · /ˈɑi̯.trɑ̃/
poison, especially venom
“……mation with Old Church Slavonic ꙗдра, and related at the root level to Old Armenian այտնում, Ancient Greek οἰδέω, οἶδος, and Latin aemidus Beekes 2010 Martirosyan 2010 Matasović 2018 Orel 2003.…”
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*dusāną
verb · Weak class 3 · /ˈdu.sɑː.nɑ̃/
to be stunned, swoon
“……he’ > ‘to feel shortness of breath’ > ‘breath heavily’ > ‘sleep’), Bengali ধসা (dhośa, ‘to be destroyed; to be ruined’), and Latin furō (‘to rave, rage, or seethe; to be crazed, mad, or frantic’). Related to *deuzą (‘(wild) animal, beast’), *deuzaz (……”
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*fimf
numeral · /ˈɸimɸ/
five
“……lbanian pensë, Old Armenian հինգ (hing), Lithuanian penki̇̀, Irish cúig, Ancient Greek πέντε (pénte), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀 (paṇca), Latin quīnque, and Proto-Tocharian *p'ä́ñćä, all meaning ‘five’. Possibly related to *funstiz (‘fist’) and *fingraz (‘finger’……”
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*arfô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑr.ɸɔːː/
chickweed
“……, perhaps eastern Mediterranean, source de Vaan 2008 de Vries 1977 Edlund 2013 Kroonen 2013 Orel 2003. Related forms include Latin ervum and Ancient Greek ὄροβος, but the forms cannot plausibly be derived from a single Proto-Indo-European proto form……”
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*awahaimaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈɑ.wɑ.ˌxɑi̯.mɑz/
maternal uncle; mother’s brother
“……rpretation ‘dear’ Boutkan & Siebinga 2005. The first constituent ultimately continues Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwh₂os; compare Latin avunculus, Lithuanian avýnas, Old Church Slavonic ujь, and Welsh ewythr Mallory & Adams 1997.…”
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*bōkō
noun · feminine · ō-stem · /ˈbɔː.kɔː/
beech tree
“……s (‘oak, beech’) but likely from a Northwest European substrate. Cognates are Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, ‘oak, acorn’) and Latin fāgus (‘beech tree’). Quentel 2018 notes that the root is also present in Finno-Ugric: Finnish pyökki, Hungarian bükk,……”
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*ankurô
noun · masculine · an-stem · /ˈɑŋ.ku.rɔːː/
anchor
“…Borrowed from Latin ancora, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄγκυρα Lloyd & Springer 1988 Weiss 2009. The loan entered coastal Germanic e……”
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*hrōpaną
verb · Strong class 7e · /ˈxrɔː.pɑ.nɑ̃/
to cry out, call, shout
“……t unrelated Proto-Germanic *wōpijaną (‘to cry out, lament’). Other theories connect the word to Ancient Greek κόραξ (kórax), Latin corvus (‘raven’), Lithuanian šárka (‘magpie’) in the sense of "caw".…”
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*stakkaz
noun · masculine · a-stem · /ˈstɑk.kɑz/
pile of hay; haystack
“……kely be cognate but is not mentioned. Traditionally since Pokorny from PIE *(s)teg- (‘beam, stake’) and cognate instead with Latin tignum (‘tree trunk, beam, log’). See also *stangō (‘bar, rod, stake’).…”
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*þahsuz
noun · masculine · u-stem · /ˈθɑx.suz/
badger
“……stablish, construct’), likely owing to the badger's propensity to dig and thus construct tunnels. In this case, cognate with Latin texō (‘weave, braid, build, compose’), Ancient Greek τίκτω (tíktō), τέχνη (tékhnē), τέκτων (téktōn). However, later sch……”